3 Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) Services - Developer guide
4 =============================================================================
9 Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) is a term for a
10 framework controlling access to resources, enforcing policies to use
11 those resources and auditing their usage. These processes are the
12 fundamental building blocks for effective network management and security.
14 Authentication provides a way of identifying a user, typically by
15 having the user enter a valid user name and valid password before access
16 is granted. The process of authentication is based on each user having a unique
17 set of criteria for gaining access. The AAA framework compares a user's
18 authentication credentials with other user credentials stored in a database.
19 If the credentials match, the user is granted access to the network.
20 If the credentials don't match, authentication fails and access is denied.
22 Authorization is the process of finding out what an authenticated user is
23 allowed to do within the system, which tasks can do, which API can call, etc.
24 The authorization process determines whether the user has the authority
25 to perform such actions.
27 Accounting is the process of logging the activity of an authenticated user,
28 for example, the amount of data a user has sent and/or received during a
29 session, which APIs called, etc.
35 Authentication, Authorization and Accounting.
38 A claim of access to a group of resources on the controller.
41 A group of resources, direct or indirect, physical, logical, or
42 virtual, for the purpose of access control.
45 A person who either owns or has access to a resource or group of
46 resources on the controller.
49 Opaque representation of a set of permissions, which is merely a
50 unique string as admin or guest.
53 Proof of identity such as user name and password, OTP, biometrics, or
57 A service or application that requires access to the controller.
60 A data set of validated assertions regarding a user, e.g. the role,
76 git clone https://git.opendaylight.org/gerrit/aaa
82 cd aaa && mvn clean install
88 AAA is automatically installed upon installation of odl-restconf, but you can
89 install it yourself directly from the Karaf console through the following
94 feature:install odl-aaa-shiro
99 The following are basic instructions to push your contributions to the project's
106 # make changes, add change id, etc.
108 git push ssh://{username}@git.opendaylight.org:29418/aaa.git HEAD:refs/for/master
110 AAA Framework implementations
111 -----------------------------
113 Since Boron release, the OpenDaylight's AAA services are based on the
114 `Apache Shiro <https://shiro.apache.org/>`_ Java Security Framework. The main
115 configuration file for AAA is located at “etc/shiro.ini” relative to the
116 OpenDaylight Karaf home directory.
121 The database (H2) used by ODL AAA Authentication store is not-cluster enabled.
122 When deployed in a clustered environment each node needs to have its AAA user
123 file synchronized using out of band means.
128 AAA is enabled through installing the odl-aaa-shiro feature. The vast majority
129 of OpenDaylight's northbound APIs (and all RESTCONF APIs) are protected by AAA
130 by default when installing the +odl-restconf+ feature, since the odl-aaa-shiro
131 is automatically installed as part of them.
136 Edit the “etc/opendaylight/datastore/initial/config/aaa-app-config.xml” file and replace the following:
148 Then, restart the Karaf process.
150 How application developers can leverage AAA to provide servlet security
151 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
153 Previously the servlet's web.xml was edited to add the AAAShiroFilter. This has been replaced with programmatic initialization.
155 The Neutron project uses this new style the Neutron `blueprint.xml <https://git.opendaylight.org/gerrit/gitweb?p=neutron.git;a=blob;f=northbound-api/src/main/resources/OSGI-INF/blueprint/blueprint.xml;h=a9dc57a97091d6c90da3e216a13523adbe698887;hb=refs/heads/master>`_ and Neutron `WebInitializer.java <https://git.opendaylight.org/gerrit/gitweb?p=neutron.git;a=blob;f=northbound-api/src/main/java/org/opendaylight/neutron/northbound/api/WebInitializer.java;h=a615d02343505cef0d4cdd54b2f07f2a9fee9b75;hb=refs/heads/master>`_ are helpful references.
160 AAA plugin utilizes the Shiro Realms to support pluggable authentication &
161 authorization schemes. There are two parent types of realms:
163 - AuthenticatingRealm
165 - Provides no Authorization capability.
167 - Users authenticated through this type of realm are treated
172 - AuthorizingRealm is a more sophisticated AuthenticatingRealm,
173 which provides the additional mechanisms to distinguish users
176 - Useful for applications in which roles determine allowed
179 OpenDaylight contains five implementations:
183 - An AuthorizingRealm built to bridge the Shiro-based AAA service
184 with the h2-based AAA implementation.
186 - Exposes a RESTful web service to manipulate IdM policy on a
187 per-node basis. If identical AAA policy is desired across a
188 cluster, the backing data store must be synchronized using an out
191 - A python script located at “etc/idmtool” is included to help
192 manipulate data contained in the TokenAuthRealm.
194 - Enabled out of the box. This is the realm configured by default.
198 - An AuthorizingRealm built to extract identity information from IdM
199 data contained on an LDAP server.
201 - Extracts group information from LDAP, which is translated into
204 - Useful when federating against an existing LDAP server, in which
205 only certain types of users should have certain access privileges.
207 - Disabled out of the box.
209 - ODLJndiLdapRealmAuthNOnly
211 - The same as ODLJndiLdapRealm, except without role extraction.
212 Thus, all LDAP users have equal authentication and authorization
215 - Disabled out of the box.
217 - ODLActiveDirectoryRealm
219 - Wraps the generic ActiveDirectoryRealm provided by Shiro. This allows for
220 enhanced logging as well as isolation of all realms in a single package,
221 which enables easier import by consuming servlets.
223 - Disabled out of the box.
227 - This realm authenticates OpenDaylight users against the OpenStack's
228 Keystone server by using the
229 `Keystone's Identity API v3 <https://developer.openstack.org/api-ref/identity/v3/>`_
232 - Disabled out of the box.
236 More than one Realm implementation can be specified. Realms are attempted
237 in order until authentication succeeds or all realm sources are exhausted.
238 Edit the **securityManager.realms = $tokenAuthRealm** property in shiro.ini
239 and add all the realms needed separated by commas.
247 The TokenAuthRealm is the default Authorization Realm deployed in OpenDaylight.
248 TokenAuthRealm uses a direct authentication mechanism as shown in the following
251 .. figure:: ./images/aaa/direct-authentication.png
252 :alt: TokenAuthRealm direct authentication mechanism
254 TokenAuthRealm direct authentication mechanism
256 A user presents some credentials (e.g., username/password) directly to the
257 OpenDaylight controller token endpoint /oauth2/token and receives an access
258 token, which then can be used to access protected resources on the controller.
260 How to access the H2 database
261 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
263 The H2 database provides an optional front-end Web interface, which can be very
264 useful for new users. From the KARAF_HOME directory, you can run the following
265 command to enable the user interface:
269 java -cp ./system/com/h2database/h2/2.1.214/h2-2.1.214.jar
270 org.h2.tools.Server -trace -pg -web -webAllowOthers -baseDir `pwd`
273 You can navigate to the following and login via the browser:
285 LDAP integration is provided in order to externalize identity management.
286 This configuration allows federation with an external LDAP server.
287 The user’s OpenDaylight role parameters are mapped to corresponding LDAP
288 attributes as specified by the groupRolesMap. Thus, an LDAP operator can
289 provision attributes for LDAP users that support different OpenDaylight role
292 ODLJndiLdapRealmAuthNOnly
293 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
298 This is useful for setups where all LDAP users are allowed equal access.
306 This realm authenticates OpenDaylight users against the OpenStack's Keystone
307 server. This realm uses the
308 `Keystone's Identity API v3 <https://developer.openstack.org/api-ref/identity/v3/>`_
311 .. figure:: ./images/aaa/keystonerealm-authentication.png
312 :alt: KeystoneAuthRealm authentication mechanism
314 KeystoneAuthRealm authentication/authorization mechanism
316 As can shown on the above diagram, once configured, all the RESTCONF APIs calls
317 will require sending **user**, **password** and optionally **domain** (1). Those
318 credentials are used to authenticate the call against the Keystone server (2) and,
319 if the authentication succeeds, the call will proceed to the MDSAL (3). The
320 credentials must be provisioned in advance within the Keystone Server. The user
321 and password are mandatory, while the domain is optional, in case it is not
322 provided within the REST call, the realm will default to (**Default**),
323 which is hard-coded. The default domain can be also configured through the
324 *shiro.ini* file (see the :doc:`AAA User Guide <user-guide>`).
326 The protocol between the Controller and the Keystone Server (2) can be either
327 HTTPS or HTTP. In order to use HTTPS the Keystone Server's certificate
328 must be exported and imported on the Controller (see the :ref:`Certificate Management <aaa-certificate-management>` section).
330 Authorization Configuration
331 ---------------------------
333 OpenDaylight supports two authorization engines at present, both of which are
334 roughly similar in behavior:
336 - Shiro-Based Authorization
338 - MDSAL-Based Dynamic Authorization
342 The preferred mechanism for configuring AAA Authentication is the
343 MDSAL-Based Dynamic Authorization. Read the following section.
345 Shiro-Based Static Authorization
346 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
348 OpenDaylight AAA has support for Role Based Access Control (RBAC) based
349 on the Apache Shiro permissions system. Configuration of the authorization
350 system is done off-line; authorization currently cannot be configured
351 after the controller is started. The Authorization provided by this mechanism
352 is aimed towards supporting coarse-grained security policies, the MDSAL-Based
353 mechanism allows for a more robust configuration capabilities. `Shiro-based
354 Authorization <http://shiro.apache.org/web.html#Web-%7B%7B%5Curls%5C%7D%7D>`_
355 describes how to configure the Authentication feature in detail.
359 The Shiro-Based Authorization that uses the *shiro.ini* URLs section to
360 define roles requirements is **deprecated** and **discouraged** since the
361 changes made to the file are only honored on a controller restart.
363 Shiro-Based Authorization is not **cluster-aware**, so the changes made on
364 the *shiro.ini* file have to be replicated on every controller instance
365 belonging to the cluster.
367 The URL patterns are matched relative to the Servlet context leaving room
368 for ambiguity, since many endpoints may match (i.e., "/restconf/modules" and
369 "/auth/modules" would both match a "/modules/\**" rule).
371 MDSAL-Based Dynamic Authorization
372 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
373 The MDSAL-Based Dynamic authorization uses the MDSALDynamicAuthorizationFilter
374 engine to restrict access to particular URL endpoint patterns. Users may define
375 a list of policies that are insertion-ordered. Order matters for that list of
376 policies, since the first matching policy is applied. This choice was made to
377 emulate behavior of the Shiro-Based Authorization mechanism.
379 A **policy** is a key/value pair, where the key is a **resource**
380 (i.e., a "URL pattern") and the value is a list of **permissions** for the
381 resource. The following describes the various elements of a policy:
383 - **Resource**: the resource is a string URL pattern as outlined by
384 Apache Shiro. For more information, see http://shiro.apache.org/web.html.
386 - **Description**: an optional description of the URL endpoint and why it is
389 - **Permissions list**: a list of permissions for a particular policy. If more
390 than one permission exists in the permissions list they are evaluated using
391 logical "OR". A permission describes the prerequisites to perform HTTP
392 operations on a particular endpoint. The following describes the various
393 elements of a permission:
395 + **Role**: the role required to access the target URL endpoint.
396 + **Actions list**: a leaf-list of HTTP permissions that are allowed for a
397 Subject possessing the required role.
399 This an example on how to limit access to the modules endpoint:
404 put URL: /rests/data/aaa:http-authorization/policies
406 headers: Content-Type: application/json Accept: application/json
413 "aaa:resource": "/restconf/modules/**",
432 The above example locks down access to the modules endpoint (and any URLS
433 available past modules) to the "admin" role. Thus, an attempt from the OOB
434 *admin* user will succeed with 2XX HTTP status code, while an attempt from the
435 OOB *user* user will fail with HTTP status code 401, as the user *user* is not
436 granted the "admin" role.
438 Accounting Configuration
439 ------------------------
441 Accounting is handled through the standard slf4j logging mechanisms used by the
442 rest of OpenDaylight. Thus, one can control logging verbosity through
443 manipulating the log levels for individual packages and classes directly through
444 the Karaf console, JMX, or etc/org.ops4j.pax.logging.cfg. In normal operations,
445 the default levels exposed do not provide much information about AAA services;
446 this is due to the fact that logging can severely degrade performance.
448 All AAA logging is output to the standard karaf.log file. For debugging purposes
449 (i.e., to enable maximum verbosity), issue the following command:
453 log:set TRACE org.opendaylight.aaa
455 Enable Successful/Unsuccessful Authentication Attempts Logging
456 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
458 By default, successful/unsuccessful authentication attempts are NOT logged. This
459 is due to the fact that logging can severely decrease REST performance.
461 It is possible to add custom AuthenticationListener(s) to the Shiro-based
462 configuration, allowing different ways to listen for successful/unsuccessful
463 authentication attempts. Custom AuthenticationListener(s) must implement
464 the org.apache.shiro.authc.AuthenticationListener interface.
466 .. _aaa-certificate-management:
468 Certificate Management
469 ----------------------
471 The **Certificate Management Service** is used to manage the keystores and
472 certificates at the OpenDaylight distribution to easily provides the TLS
475 The Certificate Management Service managing two keystores:
477 1. **OpenDaylight Keystore** which holds the OpenDaylight distribution
478 certificate self sign certificate or signed certificate from a root CA based
479 on generated certificate request.
481 2. **Trust Keystore** which holds all the network nodes certificates that shall
482 to communicate with the OpenDaylight distribution through TLS communication.
484 The Certificate Management Service stores the keystores (OpenDaylight & Trust)
485 as *.jks* files under configuration/ssl/ directory. Also the keystores
486 could be stored at the MD-SAL datastore in case OpenDaylight distribution
487 running at cluster environment. When the keystores are stored at MD-SAL,
488 the Certificate Management Service rely on the **Encryption-Service** to encrypt
489 the keystore data before storing it to MD-SAL and decrypted at runtime.
491 How to use the Certificate Management Service to manage the TLS communication
492 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
494 The following are the steps to configure the TLS communication within your
497 1. It is assumed that there exists an already created OpenDaylight distribution
498 project following `this guide
499 <https://docs.opendaylight.org/en/stable-chlorine/developer-guides/developing-apps-on-the-opendaylight-controller.html#building-an-example-module>`_.
501 2. In the implementation bundle the following artifact must be added to its
502 *pom.xml* file as dependency.
507 <groupId>org.opendaylight.aaa</groupId>
508 <artifactId>aaa-cert</artifactId>
509 <version>0.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
512 3. Using the provider class in the implementation bundle needs to define a
513 variable holding the Certificate Manager Service as in the following example:
517 import org.opendaylight.aaa.cert.api.ICertificateManager;
518 import org.opendaylight.controller.md.sal.binding.api.DataBroker;
520 public class UseCertManagerExampleProvider {
521 private final DataBroker dataBroker;
522 private final ICertificateManager caManager;
524 public EncSrvExampleProvider(final DataBroker dataBroker, final ICertificateManager caManager) {
525 this.dataBroker = dataBroker;
526 this.caManager = caManager;
528 public SSLEngine createSSLEngine() {
529 final SSLContext sslContext = caManager.getServerContext();
530 if (sslContext != null) {
531 final SSLEngine sslEngine = sslContext.createSSLEngine();
532 sslEngine.setEnabledCipherSuites(caManager.getCipherSuites());
533 // DO the Implementation
540 public void close() {
545 4. The Certificate Manager Service provides two main methods that are needed to
546 establish the *SSLEngine* object, *getServerContext()* and *getCipherSuites()*
547 as the above example shows. It also provides other methods such as
548 *getODLKeyStore()* and *getTrustKeyStore()* that gives access to the
549 OpenDaylight and Trust keystores.
551 5. Now the *ICertificateManager* need to be passed as an argument to the
552 *UseCertManagerExampleProvider* within the implementation bundle blueprint
553 configuration. The following example shows how:
557 <blueprint xmlns="http://www.osgi.org/xmlns/blueprint/v1.0.0"
558 xmlns:odl="http://opendaylight.org/xmlns/blueprint/v1.0.0"
559 odl:use-default-for-reference-types="true">
560 <reference id="dataBroker"
561 interface="org.opendaylight.controller.md.sal.binding.api.DataBroker"
562 odl:type="default" />
563 <reference id="aaaCertificateManager"
564 interface="org.opendaylight.aaa.cert.api.ICertificateManager"
565 odl:type="default-certificate-manager" />
567 class="org.opendaylight.UseCertManagerExample.impl.UseCertManagerExampleProvider"
568 init-method="init" destroy-method="close">
569 <argument ref="dataBroker" />
570 <argument ref="aaaCertificateManager" />
574 6. After finishing the bundle implementation the feature module needs to be
575 updated to include the *aaa-cert* feature in its feature bundle pom.xml file.
580 <aaa.version>0.5.0-SNAPSHOT</aaa.version>
583 <groupId>org.opendaylight.aaa</groupId>
584 <artifactId>features-aaa</artifactId>
585 <version>${aaa.version}</version>
586 <classifier>features</classifier>
590 7. Now, in the feature.xml file add the Certificate Manager Service feature and
595 <repository>mvn:org.opendaylight.aaa/features-aaa/{VERSION}/xml/features</repository>
597 The Certificate Manager Service feature can be included inside the
598 implementation bundle feature as shown in the following example:
602 <feature name='odl-UseCertManagerExample' version='${project.version}'
603 description='OpenDaylight :: UseCertManagerExample'>
604 <feature version='${mdsal.version}'>odl-mdsal-broker</feature>
605 <feature version='${aaa.version}'>odl-aaa-cert</feature>
606 <bundle>mvn:org.opendaylight.UseCertManagerExample/UseCertManagerExample-impl/{VERSION}</bundle>
609 8. Now the project can be built and the OpenDaylight distribution started to
610 continue with the configuration process. See the User Guide for more details.
615 The **AAA Encryption Service** is used to encrypt the OpenDaylight users'
616 passwords and TLS communication certificates. This section shows how to use the
617 AAA Encryption Service with an OpenDaylight distribution project to encrypt data.
619 1. It is assumed that there exists an already created OpenDaylight distribution
620 project following `this guide
621 <https://docs.opendaylight.org/en/stable-chlorine/developer-guides/developing-apps-on-the-opendaylight-controller.html#building-an-example-module>`_.
623 2. In the implementation bundle the following artifact must be added to its
624 *pom.xml* file as dependency.
629 <groupId>org.opendaylight.aaa</groupId>
630 <artifactId>aaa-encrypt-service</artifactId>
631 <version>0.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
634 3. Using the provider class in the implementation bundle needs to define a
635 variable holding the Encryption Service as in the following example:
639 import org.opendaylight.aaa.encrypt.AAAEncryptionService;
640 import org.opendaylight.controller.md.sal.binding.api.DataBroker;
642 public class EncSrvExampleProvider {
643 private final DataBroker dataBroker;
644 private final AAAEncryptionService encryService;
646 public EncSrvExampleProvider(final DataBroker dataBroker, final AAAEncryptionService encryService) {
647 this.dataBroker = dataBroker;
648 this.encryService = encryService;
653 public void close() {
658 The AAAEncryptionService can be used to encrypt and decrypt any data based on
661 4. Now the *AAAEncryptionService* needs to be passed as an argument to the
662 *EncSrvExampleProvider* within the implementation bundle blueprint
663 configuration. The following example shows how:
667 <blueprint xmlns="http://www.osgi.org/xmlns/blueprint/v1.0.0"
668 xmlns:odl="http://opendaylight.org/xmlns/blueprint/v1.0.0"
669 odl:use-default-for-reference-types="true">
670 <reference id="dataBroker"
671 interface="org.opendaylight.controller.md.sal.binding.api.DataBroker"
672 odl:type="default" />
673 <reference id="encryService" interface="org.opendaylight.aaa.encrypt.AAAEncryptionService"/>
675 class="org.opendaylight.EncSrvExample.impl.EncSrvExampleProvider"
676 init-method="init" destroy-method="close">
677 <argument ref="dataBroker" />
678 <argument ref="encryService" />
682 5. After finishing the bundle implementation the feature module needs to be
683 updated to include the *aaa-encryption-service* feature in its feature bundle
689 <groupId>org.opendaylight.aaa</groupId>
690 <artifactId>features-aaa</artifactId>
691 <version>${aaa.version}</version>
692 <classifier>features</classifier>
696 It is also necessary to add the *aaa.version* in the properties section:
701 <aaa.version>0.5.0-SNAPSHOT</aaa.version>
704 6. Now, in the feature.xml file add the Encryption Service feature and its
709 <repository>mvn:org.opendaylight.aaa/features-aaa/{VERSION}/xml/features</repository>
711 The Encryption Service feature can be included inside the implementation bundle
712 feature as shown in the following example:
716 <feature name='odl-EncSrvExample' version='${project.version}' description='OpenDaylight :: EncSrvExample'>
717 <feature version='${mdsal.version}'>odl-mdsal-broker</feature>
718 <feature version='${aaa.version}'>odl-aaa-encryption-service</feature>
719 <feature version='${project.version}'>odl-EncSrvExample-api</feature>
720 <bundle>mvn:org.opendaylight.EncSrvExample/EncSrvExample-impl/{VERSION}</bundle>
723 7. Now the project can be built and the OpenDaylight distribution started to
724 continue with the configuration process. See the User Guide for more details.