BUG-5280: expand ShardDataTree to cover transaction mechanics
[controller.git] / opendaylight / md-sal / sal-distributed-datastore / src / test / java / org / opendaylight / controller / cluster / datastore / ShardTest.java
index 8f7dd8e5b7e32d8a6c6e6a7276f9cad738a6d822..d4dcc9cda267943b6b48406757fd359fc820f63b 100644 (file)
@@ -14,11 +14,10 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doThrow;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION;
 import akka.actor.ActorRef;
 import akka.actor.ActorSelection;
@@ -31,14 +30,13 @@ import akka.pattern.Patterns;
 import akka.persistence.SaveSnapshotSuccess;
 import akka.testkit.TestActorRef;
 import akka.util.Timeout;
-import com.google.common.base.Function;
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
-import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import com.google.common.primitives.UnsignedLong;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Uninterruptibles;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -64,6 +62,7 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.CommitTransaction;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.CommitTransactionReply;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.CreateTransaction;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.CreateTransactionReply;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ForwardedReadyTransaction;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.PeerAddressResolved;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ReadData;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ReadDataReply;
@@ -75,11 +74,10 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.RegisterDataTreeCh
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.RegisterDataTreeChangeListenerReply;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ShardLeaderStateChanged;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.UpdateSchemaContext;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.modification.DeleteModification;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.modification.MergeModification;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.modification.MutableCompositeModification;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.modification.WriteModification;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.PreBoronShardDataTreeSnapshot;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.MetadataShardDataTreeSnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.ShardDataTreeSnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.utils.MockDataChangeListener;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.utils.MockDataTreeChangeListener;
@@ -90,6 +88,7 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.ReplicatedLogEntry;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.ReplicatedLogImplEntry;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.Snapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.ApplyJournalEntries;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.ApplySnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.ApplyState;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.ElectionTimeout;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus;
@@ -101,6 +100,7 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.client.messages.OnDemandRaftStat
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.RequestVote;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.ServerRemoved;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.policy.DisableElectionsRaftPolicy;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.protobuff.client.messages.Payload;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.utils.InMemoryJournal;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.utils.MessageCollectorActor;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.md.cluster.datastore.model.SchemaContextHelper;
@@ -112,11 +112,10 @@ import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.ContainerNode;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.MapNode;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.NormalizedNode;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTree;
-import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTreeCandidateNode;
-import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTreeCandidateTip;
+import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTreeCandidate;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTreeModification;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataValidationFailedException;
-import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.ModificationType;
+import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.TipProducingDataTree;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.TreeType;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.impl.schema.ImmutableNodes;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.impl.schema.builder.impl.ImmutableContainerNodeBuilder;
@@ -411,7 +410,8 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
     @Test
     public void testApplySnapshot() throws Exception {
 
-        final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(newShardProps(), "testApplySnapshot");
+        final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(newShardProps().
+                withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), "testApplySnapshot");
 
         ShardTestKit.waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
@@ -428,14 +428,24 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
         final YangInstanceIdentifier root = YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY;
         final NormalizedNode<?,?> expected = readStore(store, root);
 
-        final Snapshot snapshot = Snapshot.create(new PreBoronShardDataTreeSnapshot(expected).serialize(),
+        final Snapshot snapshot = Snapshot.create(new MetadataShardDataTreeSnapshot(expected).serialize(),
                 Collections.<ReplicatedLogEntry>emptyList(), 1, 2, 3, 4);
 
-        shard.underlyingActor().getRaftActorSnapshotCohort().applySnapshot(snapshot.getState());
+        shard.tell(new ApplySnapshot(snapshot), ActorRef.noSender());
 
-        final NormalizedNode<?,?> actual = readStore(shard, root);
+        Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+        while(sw.elapsed(TimeUnit.SECONDS) <= 5) {
+            Uninterruptibles.sleepUninterruptibly(75, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
 
-        assertEquals("Root node", expected, actual);
+            try {
+                assertEquals("Root node", expected, readStore(shard, root));
+                return;
+            } catch(AssertionError e) {
+                // try again
+            }
+        }
+
+        fail("Snapshot was not applied");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -518,35 +528,22 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            // Setup 3 simulated transactions with mock cohorts backed by real cohorts.
-
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification1);
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort2", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
-                    ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build(),
-                    modification2);
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID3 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification3 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort3 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort3", dataStore,
-                    YangInstanceIdentifier.builder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH)
-                        .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1).build(),
-                    ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1),
-                    modification3);
+
+            Map<TransactionIdentifier, CapturingShardDataTreeCohort> cohortMap = setupCohortDecorator(
+                    shard.underlyingActor(), transactionID1, transactionID2, transactionID3);
+            final CapturingShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = cohortMap.get(transactionID1);
+            final CapturingShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = cohortMap.get(transactionID2);
+            final CapturingShardDataTreeCohort cohort3 = cohortMap.get(transactionID3);
 
             final long timeoutSec = 5;
             final FiniteDuration duration = FiniteDuration.create(timeoutSec, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
             final Timeout timeout = new Timeout(duration);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
             final ReadyTransactionReply readyReply = ReadyTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
                     expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class));
             assertEquals("Cohort path", shard.path().toString(), readyReply.getCohortPath());
@@ -558,10 +555,15 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
                     expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
             assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            // Ready 2 more Tx's.
+
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build(), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort3, transactionID3, modification3), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID3, YangInstanceIdentifier.builder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH)
+                    .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1).build(),
+                ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message for the next 2 Tx's. These should get queued and
@@ -655,16 +657,18 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             assertEquals("Commits complete", true, done);
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort1, cohort2, cohort3);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).commit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).commit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort3).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort3).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort3).commit();
+            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort1.getCanCommit(), cohort1.getPreCommit(), cohort1.getCommit(),
+                    cohort2.getCanCommit(), cohort2.getPreCommit(), cohort2.getCommit(), cohort3.getCanCommit(),
+                    cohort3.getPreCommit(), cohort3.getCommit());
+            inOrder.verify(cohort1.getCanCommit()).onSuccess(any(Void.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort1.getPreCommit()).onSuccess(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort1.getCommit()).onSuccess(any(UnsignedLong.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort2.getCanCommit()).onSuccess(any(Void.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort2.getPreCommit()).onSuccess(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort2.getCommit()).onSuccess(any(UnsignedLong.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort3.getCanCommit()).onSuccess(any(Void.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort3.getPreCommit()).onSuccess(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
+            inOrder.verify(cohort3.getCommit()).onSuccess(any(UnsignedLong.class));
 
             // Verify data in the data store.
 
@@ -686,17 +690,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            final AtomicReference<ShardDataTreeCohort> mockCohort = new AtomicReference<>();
-            final ShardCommitCoordinator.CohortDecorator cohortDecorator = (txID, actual) -> {
-                if(mockCohort.get() == null) {
-                    mockCohort.set(createDelegatingMockCohort("cohort", actual));
-                }
-
-                return mockCohort.get();
-            };
-
-            shard.underlyingActor().getCommitCoordinator().setCohortDecorator(cohortDecorator);
-
             // Send a BatchedModifications to start a transaction.
 
             shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
@@ -721,16 +714,11 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
                     expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
             assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
 
-            // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
+            // Send the CommitTransaction message.
 
             shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockCohort.get());
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).commit();
-
             // Verify data in the data store.
 
             verifyOuterListEntry(shard, 1);
@@ -749,17 +737,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            final AtomicReference<ShardDataTreeCohort> mockCohort = new AtomicReference<>();
-            final ShardCommitCoordinator.CohortDecorator cohortDecorator = (txID, actual) -> {
-                if(mockCohort.get() == null) {
-                    mockCohort.set(createDelegatingMockCohort("cohort", actual));
-                }
-
-                return mockCohort.get();
-            };
-
-            shard.underlyingActor().getCommitCoordinator().setCohortDecorator(cohortDecorator);
-
             // Send a BatchedModifications to start a transaction.
 
             shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
@@ -778,11 +755,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mockCohort.get());
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(mockCohort.get()).commit();
-
             // Verify data in the data store.
 
             verifyOuterListEntry(shard, 1);
@@ -956,8 +928,8 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             Failure failure = expectMsgClass(Failure.class);
             assertEquals("Failure cause type", NoShardLeaderException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
 
-            shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class), txId,
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION, true), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(shard, txId, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true), getRef());
             failure = expectMsgClass(Failure.class);
             assertEquals("Failure cause type", NoShardLeaderException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
 
@@ -985,24 +957,16 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
             final NormalizedNode<?, ?> containerNode = ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME);
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, containerNode, modification);
-
-            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification, true), getRef());
-
-            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
+            if(readWrite) {
+                shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(shard, transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        containerNode, true), getRef());
+            } else {
+                shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH, containerNode, true), getRef());
+            }
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).commit();
+            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
             final NormalizedNode<?, ?> actualNode = readStore(shard, TestModel.TEST_PATH);
             assertEquals(TestModel.TEST_QNAME.getLocalName(), containerNode, actualNode);
@@ -1085,36 +1049,21 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testReadWriteCommitWithPersistenceDisabled() throws Throwable {
-        testCommitWithPersistenceDisabled(true);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testWriteOnlyCommitWithPersistenceDisabled() throws Throwable {
-        testCommitWithPersistenceDisabled(true);
-    }
-
-    private void testCommitWithPersistenceDisabled(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         dataStoreContextBuilder.persistent(false);
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
                     newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testCommitWithPersistenceDisabled-" + readWrite);
+                    "testCommitWithPersistenceDisabled");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
             // Setup a simulated transactions with a mock cohort.
 
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final NormalizedNode<?, ?> containerNode = ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME);
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort", dataStore,
-                TestModel.TEST_PATH, containerNode, modification);
-
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
+            final NormalizedNode<?, ?> containerNode = ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME);
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH, containerNode, false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
@@ -1129,11 +1078,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort).commit();
-
             final NormalizedNode<?, ?> actualNode = readStore(shard, TestModel.TEST_PATH);
             assertEquals(TestModel.TEST_QNAME.getLocalName(), containerNode, actualNode);
         }};
@@ -1152,153 +1096,134 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
     private void testCommitWhenTransactionHasNoModifications(final boolean readWrite){
         // Note that persistence is enabled which would normally result in the entry getting written to the journal
         // but here that need not happen
-        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {
-            {
-                final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                        newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                        "testCommitWhenTransactionHasNoModifications-" + readWrite);
+        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testCommitWhenTransactionHasNoModifications-" + readWrite);
 
-                waitUntilLeader(shard);
+            waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-                final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-                final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-                final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).preCommit();
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).commit();
-                doReturn(mockUnmodifiedCandidate("cohort1-candidate")).when(cohort).getCandidate();
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
 
-                final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-                shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification), getRef());
-                expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+            if(readWrite) {
+                ReadWriteShardDataTreeTransaction rwTx = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore().
+                        newReadWriteTransaction(transactionID);
+                shard.tell(new ForwardedReadyTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION, rwTx, false), getRef());
+            } else {
+                shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID, new MutableCompositeModification()), getRef());
+            }
 
-                // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-                shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-                final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
-                        expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
-                assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
+            // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
 
-                shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-                expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
+                    expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
+            assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
 
-                final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort);
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).canCommit();
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).preCommit();
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).commit();
+            shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
-                shard.tell(Shard.GET_SHARD_MBEAN_MESSAGE, getRef());
-                final ShardStats shardStats = expectMsgClass(duration, ShardStats.class);
+            shard.tell(Shard.GET_SHARD_MBEAN_MESSAGE, getRef());
+            final ShardStats shardStats = expectMsgClass(duration, ShardStats.class);
 
-                // Use MBean for verification
-                // Committed transaction count should increase as usual
-                assertEquals(1,shardStats.getCommittedTransactionsCount());
+            // Use MBean for verification
+            // Committed transaction count should increase as usual
+            assertEquals(1,shardStats.getCommittedTransactionsCount());
 
-                // Commit index should not advance because this does not go into the journal
-                assertEquals(-1, shardStats.getCommitIndex());
-            }
-        };
+            // Commit index should not advance because this does not go into the journal
+            assertEquals(-1, shardStats.getCommitIndex());
+        }};
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testReadWriteCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications() {
+    public void testReadWriteCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications() throws Exception {
         testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications(true);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testWriteOnlyCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications() {
+    public void testWriteOnlyCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications() throws Exception {
         testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications(false);
     }
 
-    private void testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications(final boolean readWrite){
-        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {
-            {
-                final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                        newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                        "testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications-" + readWrite);
+    private void testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications(final boolean readWrite) throws Exception {
+        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TipProducingDataTree dataTree = createDelegatingMockDataTree();
+            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+                    newShardBuilder().dataTree(dataTree).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testCommitWhenTransactionHasModifications-" + readWrite);
 
-                waitUntilLeader(shard);
+            waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-                final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-                final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-                modification.addModification(new DeleteModification(YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY));
-                final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).preCommit();
-                doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).commit();
-                doReturn(mockCandidate("cohort1-candidate")).when(cohort).getCandidate();
+            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
 
-                final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+            if(readWrite) {
+                shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(shard, transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
+            } else {
+                shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
+            }
 
-                shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification), getRef());
-                expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-                // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
+            // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
 
-                shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-                final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
-                        expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
-                assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
+                    expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
+            assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
 
-                shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-                expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
+            shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
 
-                final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort);
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).canCommit();
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).preCommit();
-                inOrder.verify(cohort).commit();
+            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(dataTree);
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).prepare(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).commit(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
 
-                shard.tell(Shard.GET_SHARD_MBEAN_MESSAGE, getRef());
-                final ShardStats shardStats = expectMsgClass(duration, ShardStats.class);
+            shard.tell(Shard.GET_SHARD_MBEAN_MESSAGE, getRef());
+            final ShardStats shardStats = expectMsgClass(duration, ShardStats.class);
 
-                // Use MBean for verification
-                // Committed transaction count should increase as usual
-                assertEquals(1, shardStats.getCommittedTransactionsCount());
+            // Use MBean for verification
+            // Committed transaction count should increase as usual
+            assertEquals(1, shardStats.getCommittedTransactionsCount());
 
-                // Commit index should advance as we do not have an empty modification
-                assertEquals(0, shardStats.getCommitIndex());
-            }
-        };
+            // Commit index should advance as we do not have an empty modification
+            assertEquals(0, shardStats.getCommitIndex());
+        }};
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testCommitPhaseFailure() throws Throwable {
-        testCommitPhaseFailure(true);
-        testCommitPhaseFailure(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testCommitPhaseFailure(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TipProducingDataTree dataTree = createDelegatingMockDataTree();
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testCommitPhaseFailure-" + readWrite);
+                    newShardBuilder().dataTree(dataTree).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testCommitPhaseFailure");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
+            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+            final Timeout timeout = new Timeout(duration);
+
             // Setup 2 simulated transactions with mock cohorts. The first one fails in the
             // commit phase.
 
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort1).canCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort1).preCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new RuntimeException("mock"))).when(cohort1).commit();
-            doReturn(mockCandidate("cohort1-candidate")).when(cohort1).getCandidate();
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort2");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort2).canCommit();
-
-            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-            final Timeout timeout = new Timeout(duration);
+            doThrow(new RuntimeException("mock commit failure")).when(dataTree).commit(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message for the first Tx.
@@ -1332,46 +1257,37 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             assertEquals("2nd CanCommit complete", true, latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort1, cohort2);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).commit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).canCommit();
+            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(dataTree);
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).prepare(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).commit(any(DataTreeCandidate.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
         }};
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testPreCommitPhaseFailure() throws Throwable {
-        testPreCommitPhaseFailure(true);
-        testPreCommitPhaseFailure(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testPreCommitPhaseFailure(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TipProducingDataTree dataTree = createDelegatingMockDataTree();
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testPreCommitPhaseFailure-" + readWrite);
+                    newShardBuilder().dataTree(dataTree).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testPreCommitPhaseFailure");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort1).canCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new IllegalStateException("mock"))).when(cohort1).preCommit();
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort2");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort2).canCommit();
-
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
             final Timeout timeout = new Timeout(duration);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            doThrow(new RuntimeException("mock preCommit failure")).when(dataTree).prepare(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message for the first Tx.
@@ -1405,35 +1321,31 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             assertEquals("2nd CanCommit complete", true, latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
 
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort1, cohort2);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).preCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).canCommit();
+            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(dataTree);
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).prepare(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+            inOrder.verify(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
         }};
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testCanCommitPhaseFailure() throws Throwable {
-        testCanCommitPhaseFailure(true);
-        testCanCommitPhaseFailure(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testCanCommitPhaseFailure(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TipProducingDataTree dataTree = createDelegatingMockDataTree();
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testCanCommitPhaseFailure-" + readWrite);
+                    newShardBuilder().dataTree(dataTree).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testCanCommitPhaseFailure");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new IllegalStateException("mock"))).when(cohort).canCommit();
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID1, modification), getRef());
+            doThrow(new DataValidationFailedException(YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY, "mock canCommit failure")).
+                doNothing().when(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
@@ -1443,12 +1355,9 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             // Send another can commit to ensure the failed one got cleaned up.
 
-            reset(cohort);
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID2, modification), getRef());
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
@@ -1458,54 +1367,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
         }};
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse() throws Throwable {
-        testCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(true);
-        testCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
-        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse-" + readWrite);
-
-            waitUntilLeader(shard);
-
-            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.FALSE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID1, modification), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
-
-            // Send the CanCommitTransaction message.
-
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            CanCommitTransactionReply reply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
-                    expectMsgClass(CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
-            assertEquals("getCanCommit", false, reply.getCanCommit());
-
-            // Send another can commit to ensure the failed one got cleaned up.
-
-            reset(cohort);
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID2, modification), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
-
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            reply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
-                    expectMsgClass(CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
-            assertEquals("getCanCommit", true, reply.getCanCommit());
-        }};
-    }
-
     @Test
     public void testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFailure() throws Throwable {
         testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFailure(true);
@@ -1514,137 +1375,81 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
     private void testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFailure(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TipProducingDataTree dataTree = createDelegatingMockDataTree();
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    newShardBuilder().dataTree(dataTree).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
                     "testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFailure-" + readWrite);
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
+            doThrow(new DataValidationFailedException(YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY, "mock canCommit failure")).
+                 doNothing().when(dataTree).validate(any(DataTreeModification.class));
+
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFailedFuture(new IllegalStateException("mock"))).when(cohort).canCommit();
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID1, modification, true), getRef());
+            if(readWrite) {
+                shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(shard, transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true), getRef());
+            } else {
+                shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true), getRef());
+            }
 
             expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
 
             // Send another can commit to ensure the failed one got cleaned up.
 
-            reset(cohort);
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort).preCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort).commit();
-            final DataTreeCandidateTip candidate = mock(DataTreeCandidateTip.class);
-            final DataTreeCandidateNode candidateRoot = mock(DataTreeCandidateNode.class);
-            doReturn(ModificationType.UNMODIFIED).when(candidateRoot).getModificationType();
-            doReturn(candidateRoot).when(candidate).getRootNode();
-            doReturn(YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY).when(candidate).getRootPath();
-            doReturn(candidate).when(cohort).getCandidate();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID2, modification, true), getRef());
+            if(readWrite) {
+                shard.tell(prepareForwardedReadyTransaction(shard, transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true), getRef());
+            } else {
+                shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                        ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true), getRef());
+            }
 
             expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
         }};
     }
 
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
     @Test
-    public void testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse() throws Throwable {
-        testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(true);
-        testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
+    public void testAbortWithCommitPending() throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testImmediateCommitWithCanCommitPhaseFalseResponse-" + readWrite);
-
-            waitUntilLeader(shard);
-
-            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.FALSE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID1, modification, true), getRef());
-
-            expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
-
-            // Send another can commit to ensure the failed one got cleaned up.
-
-            reset(cohort);
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort).canCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort).preCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort).commit();
-            final DataTreeCandidateTip candidate = mock(DataTreeCandidateTip.class);
-            final DataTreeCandidateNode candidateRoot = mock(DataTreeCandidateNode.class);
-            doReturn(ModificationType.UNMODIFIED).when(candidateRoot).getModificationType();
-            doReturn(candidateRoot).when(candidate).getRootNode();
-            doReturn(YangInstanceIdentifier.EMPTY).when(candidate).getRootPath();
-            doReturn(candidate).when(cohort).getCandidate();
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID2, modification, true), getRef());
-
-            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
-        }};
-    }
+            final Creator<Shard> creator = new Creator<Shard>() {
+                @Override
+                public Shard create() throws Exception {
+                    return new Shard(newShardBuilder()) {
+                        @Override
+                        void persistPayload(final TransactionIdentifier transactionId, final Payload payload) {
+                            // Simulate an AbortTransaction message occurring during replication, after
+                            // persisting and before finishing the commit to the in-memory store.
 
-    @Test
-    public void testAbortBeforeFinishCommit() throws Throwable {
-        testAbortBeforeFinishCommit(true);
-        testAbortBeforeFinishCommit(false);
-    }
+                            doAbortTransaction(transactionId, null);
+                            super.persistPayload(transactionId, payload);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            };
 
-    private void testAbortBeforeFinishCommit(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
-        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testAbortBeforeFinishCommit-" + readWrite);
+                    Props.create(new DelegatingShardCreator(creator)).withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                    "testAbortWithCommitPending");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-            final Function<ShardDataTreeCohort, ListenableFuture<Void>> preCommit =
-                          cohort -> {
-                final ListenableFuture<Void> preCommitFuture = cohort.preCommit();
-
-                // Simulate an AbortTransaction message occurring during replication, after
-                // persisting and before finishing the commit to the in-memory store.
-                // We have no followers so due to optimizations in the RaftActor, it does not
-                // attempt replication and thus we can't send an AbortTransaction message b/c
-                // it would be processed too late after CommitTransaction completes. So we'll
-                // simulate an AbortTransaction message occurring during replication by calling
-                // the shard directly.
-                //
-                shard.underlyingActor().doAbortTransaction(transactionID, null);
-
-                return preCommitFuture;
-            };
-
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME),
-                    modification, preCommit);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
-                expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
-            assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
 
             shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
@@ -1660,55 +1465,33 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testTransactionCommitTimeout() throws Throwable {
-        testTransactionCommitTimeout(true);
-        testTransactionCommitTimeout(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testTransactionCommitTimeout(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
         dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
-
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
                     newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testTransactionCommitTimeout-" + readWrite);
+                    "testTransactionCommitTimeout");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
             writeToStore(shard, TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME));
             writeToStore(shard, TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
                     ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build());
 
-            // Create 1st Tx - will timeout
+            // Ready 2 Tx's - the first will timeout
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    YangInstanceIdentifier.builder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH)
-                        .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1).build(),
-                    ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1),
-                    modification1);
-
-            // Create 2nd Tx
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID1, YangInstanceIdentifier.builder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH)
+                    .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1).build(),
+                ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 1), false), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
             final YangInstanceIdentifier listNodePath = YangInstanceIdentifier.builder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH)
-                .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 2).build();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort3", dataStore,
-                    listNodePath,
-                    ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 2),
-                    modification2);
-
-            // Ready the Tx's
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+                    .nodeWithKey(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 2).build();
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID2, listNodePath,
+                    ImmutableNodes.mapEntry(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME, TestModel.ID_QNAME, 2), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // canCommit 1st Tx. We don't send the commit so it should timeout.
@@ -1736,71 +1519,73 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
         }};
     }
 
-    @Test
-    public void testTransactionCommitQueueCapacityExceeded() throws Throwable {
-        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitQueueCapacity(2);
-
-        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testTransactionCommitQueueCapacityExceeded");
-
-            waitUntilLeader(shard);
-
-            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
-
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification1);
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort2", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
-                    ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build(),
-                    modification2);
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID3 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification3 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort3 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort3", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification3);
-
-            // Ready the Tx's
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
-
-            // The 3rd Tx should exceed queue capacity and fail.
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort3, transactionID3, modification3), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
-
-            // canCommit 1st Tx.
-
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
-
-            // canCommit the 2nd Tx - it should get queued.
-
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-
-            // canCommit the 3rd Tx - should exceed queue capacity and fail.
-
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID3, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
-        }};
-    }
+//    @Test
+//    @Ignore
+//    public void testTransactionCommitQueueCapacityExceeded() throws Throwable {
+//        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitQueueCapacity(2);
+//
+//        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+//            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+//                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+//                    "testTransactionCommitQueueCapacityExceeded");
+//
+//            waitUntilLeader(shard);
+//
+//            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+//
+//            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
+//
+//            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+//            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
+//            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
+//                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), transactionID1,
+//                    modification1);
+//
+//            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+//            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
+//            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort2", dataStore,
+//                    TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
+//                    ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build(), transactionID2,
+//                    modification2);
+//
+//            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID3 = nextTransactionId();
+//            final MutableCompositeModification modification3 = new MutableCompositeModification();
+//            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort3 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort3", dataStore,
+//                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), transactionID3,
+//                    modification3);
+//
+//            // Ready the Tx's
+//
+//            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+//            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+//
+//            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+//            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+//
+//            // The 3rd Tx should exceed queue capacity and fail.
+//
+//            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort3, transactionID3, modification3), getRef());
+//            expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
+//
+//            // canCommit 1st Tx.
+//
+//            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+//            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
+//
+//            // canCommit the 2nd Tx - it should get queued.
+//
+//            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+//
+//            // canCommit the 3rd Tx - should exceed queue capacity and fail.
+//
+//            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID3, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+//            expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class);
+//        }};
+//    }
 
     @Test
     public void testTransactionCommitWithPriorExpiredCohortEntries() throws Throwable {
-        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardCommitQueueExpiryTimeoutInMillis(1300).shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
-
+        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
                     newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
@@ -1810,30 +1595,19 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
-
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification1);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort2", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification2);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID3 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification3 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort3 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort3", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST2_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST2_QNAME), modification3);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort3, transactionID3, modification3), getRef());
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID3, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // All Tx's are readied. We'll send canCommit for the last one but not the others. The others
@@ -1846,8 +1620,7 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
     @Test
     public void testTransactionCommitWithSubsequentExpiredCohortEntry() throws Throwable {
-        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardCommitQueueExpiryTimeoutInMillis(1300).shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
-
+        dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
                     newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
@@ -1860,14 +1633,11 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             final ShardDataTree dataStore = shard.underlyingActor().getDataStore();
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort1", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification1);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            // CanCommit the first one so it's the current in-progress CohortEntry.
+            // CanCommit the first Tx so it's the current in-progress Tx.
 
             shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
@@ -1875,11 +1645,8 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             // Ready the second Tx.
 
             final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = setupMockWriteTransaction("cohort2", dataStore,
-                    TestModel.TEST_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), modification2);
-
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(false, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            shard.tell(prepareBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), false), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Ready the third Tx.
@@ -1888,9 +1655,8 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             final DataTreeModification modification3 = dataStore.newModification();
             new WriteModification(TestModel.TEST2_PATH, ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST2_QNAME))
                     .apply(modification3);
-                modification3.ready();
+            modification3.ready();
             final ReadyLocalTransaction readyMessage = new ReadyLocalTransaction(transactionID3, modification3, true);
-
             shard.tell(readyMessage, getRef());
 
             // Commit the first Tx. After completing, the second should expire from the queue and the third
@@ -1921,45 +1687,33 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAbortCurrentTransaction() throws Throwable {
-        testAbortCurrentTransaction(true);
-        testAbortCurrentTransaction(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testAbortCurrentTransaction(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
+    public void testAbortAfterCanCommit() throws Throwable {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
                     newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    "testAbortCurrentTransaction-" + readWrite);
+                    "testAbortAfterCanCommit");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            // Setup 2 simulated transactions with mock cohorts. The first one will be aborted.
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification1 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort1 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort1");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort1).canCommit();
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort1).abort();
-
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification2 = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort2 = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort2");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(Boolean.TRUE)).when(cohort2).canCommit();
-
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
             final Timeout timeout = new Timeout(duration);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort1, transactionID1, modification1), getRef());
+            // Ready 2 transactions - the first one will be aborted.
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort2, transactionID2, modification2), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
             // Send the CanCommitTransaction message for the first Tx.
 
             shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-            final CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
+            CanCommitTransactionReply canCommitReply = CanCommitTransactionReply.fromSerializable(
                     expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class));
             assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
 
@@ -1977,78 +1731,101 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             // Wait for the 2nd Tx to complete the canCommit phase.
 
-            Await.ready(canCommitFuture, duration);
-
-            final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(cohort1, cohort2);
-            inOrder.verify(cohort1).canCommit();
-            inOrder.verify(cohort2).canCommit();
+            canCommitReply = (CanCommitTransactionReply) Await.result(canCommitFuture, duration);
+            assertEquals("Can commit", true, canCommitReply.getCanCommit());
         }};
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAbortQueuedTransaction() throws Throwable {
-        testAbortQueuedTransaction(true);
-        testAbortQueuedTransaction(false);
-    }
-
-    private void testAbortQueuedTransaction(final boolean readWrite) throws Throwable {
+    public void testAbortAfterReady() throws Throwable {
         dataStoreContextBuilder.shardTransactionCommitTimeoutInSeconds(1);
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final AtomicReference<CountDownLatch> cleaupCheckLatch = new AtomicReference<>();
-            @SuppressWarnings("serial")
-            final Creator<Shard> creator = () -> new Shard(newShardBuilder()) {
-                @Override
-                public void handleCommand(final Object message) {
-                    super.handleCommand(message);
-                    if(TX_COMMIT_TIMEOUT_CHECK_MESSAGE.equals(message)) {
-                        if(cleaupCheckLatch.get() != null) {
-                            cleaupCheckLatch.get().countDown();
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-
             final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    Props.create(new DelegatingShardCreator(creator)).withDispatcher(
-                            Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), "testAbortQueuedTransaction-" + readWrite);
+                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), "testAbortAfterReady");
 
             waitUntilLeader(shard);
 
-            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID = nextTransactionId();
-            final MutableCompositeModification modification = new MutableCompositeModification();
-            final ShardDataTreeCohort cohort = mock(ShardDataTreeCohort.class, "cohort");
-            doReturn(Futures.immediateFuture(null)).when(cohort).abort();
-
             final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
 
-            // Ready the tx.
+            // Ready a tx.
 
-            shard.tell(prepareReadyTransactionMessage(readWrite, shard.underlyingActor(), cohort, transactionID, modification), getRef());
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
 
-            assertEquals("getPendingTxCommitQueueSize", 1, shard.underlyingActor().getPendingTxCommitQueueSize());
-
             // Send the AbortTransaction message.
 
-            shard.tell(new AbortTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            shard.tell(new AbortTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             expectMsgClass(duration, AbortTransactionReply.class);
 
-            verify(cohort).abort();
-
-            // Verify the tx cohort is removed from queue at the cleanup check interval.
-
-            cleaupCheckLatch.set(new CountDownLatch(1));
-            assertEquals("TX_COMMIT_TIMEOUT_CHECK_MESSAGE received", true,
-                    cleaupCheckLatch.get().await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-
             assertEquals("getPendingTxCommitQueueSize", 0, shard.underlyingActor().getPendingTxCommitQueueSize());
 
             // Now send CanCommitTransaction - should fail.
 
-            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
-
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
             Throwable failure = expectMsgClass(duration, akka.actor.Status.Failure.class).cause();
             assertTrue("Failure type", failure instanceof IllegalStateException);
+
+            // Ready and CanCommit another and verify success.
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
+        }};
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAbortQueuedTransaction() throws Throwable {
+        new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
+            final TestActorRef<Shard> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+                    newShardProps().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), "testAbortAfterReady");
+
+            waitUntilLeader(shard);
+
+            final FiniteDuration duration = duration("5 seconds");
+
+            // Ready 3 tx's.
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID1 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID1, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID2 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID2, TestModel.TEST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.containerNode(TestModel.TEST_QNAME), true, false, 1), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+
+            final TransactionIdentifier transactionID3 = nextTransactionId();
+            shard.tell(newBatchedModifications(transactionID3, TestModel.OUTER_LIST_PATH,
+                    ImmutableNodes.mapNodeBuilder(TestModel.OUTER_LIST_QNAME).build(), true, false, 1), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, ReadyTransactionReply.class);
+
+            // Abort the second tx while it's queued.
+
+            shard.tell(new AbortTransaction(transactionID2, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, AbortTransactionReply.class);
+
+            // Commit the other 2.
+
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
+
+            shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID1, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
+
+            shard.tell(new CanCommitTransaction(transactionID3, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CanCommitTransactionReply.class);
+
+            shard.tell(new CommitTransaction(transactionID3, CURRENT_VERSION).toSerializable(), getRef());
+            expectMsgClass(duration, CommitTransactionReply.class);
+
+            assertEquals("getPendingTxCommitQueueSize", 0, shard.underlyingActor().getPendingTxCommitQueueSize());
         }};
     }
 
@@ -2084,7 +1861,7 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
         new ShardTestKit(getSystem()) {{
             class TestShard extends Shard {
 
-                protected TestShard(AbstractBuilder<?, ?> builder) {
+                protected TestShard(final AbstractBuilder<?, ?> builder) {
                     super(builder);
                     setPersistence(new TestPersistentDataProvider(super.persistence()));
                 }
@@ -2125,7 +1902,7 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
             awaitAndValidateSnapshot(expectedRoot);
         }
 
-        private void awaitAndValidateSnapshot(NormalizedNode<?,?> expectedRoot) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        private void awaitAndValidateSnapshot(final NormalizedNode<?,?> expectedRoot) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
             assertEquals("Snapshot saved", true, latch.get().await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
 
             assertTrue("Invalid saved snapshot " + savedSnapshot.get(),
@@ -2371,8 +2148,6 @@ public class ShardTest extends AbstractShardTest {
 
             waitUntilNoLeader(shard);
 
-            final YangInstanceIdentifier path = TestModel.TEST_PATH;
-
             shard.tell(new RegisterDataTreeChangeListener(TestModel.TEST_PATH, dclActor, true), getRef());
             final RegisterDataTreeChangeListenerReply reply = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"),
                     RegisterDataTreeChangeListenerReply.class);