Refactor DataStore readiness tracking
[controller.git] / opendaylight / md-sal / sal-distributed-datastore / src / test / java / org / opendaylight / controller / cluster / datastore / shardmanager / ShardManagerTest.java
index e5e5bf16486db9960223ccac0a87a3f8d8420999..1be0fa88df969aadb3eb0c8c07a53e7fea1ef458 100644 (file)
@@ -5,19 +5,23 @@
  * terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0 which accompanies this distribution,
  * and is available at http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
  */
-
 package org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.shardmanager;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions;
+
 import akka.actor.ActorRef;
 import akka.actor.ActorSystem;
 import akka.actor.AddressFromURIString;
@@ -27,26 +31,24 @@ import akka.actor.Status.Failure;
 import akka.actor.Status.Success;
 import akka.cluster.Cluster;
 import akka.cluster.ClusterEvent;
+import akka.cluster.Member;
 import akka.dispatch.Dispatchers;
+import akka.dispatch.OnComplete;
 import akka.japi.Creator;
 import akka.pattern.Patterns;
 import akka.persistence.RecoveryCompleted;
 import akka.serialization.Serialization;
-import akka.testkit.JavaTestKit;
 import akka.testkit.TestActorRef;
+import akka.testkit.javadsl.TestKit;
 import akka.util.Timeout;
-import com.google.common.base.Function;
-import com.google.common.base.Optional;
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
 import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Uninterruptibles;
-import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory;
 import java.net.URI;
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.AbstractMap;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Collections;
@@ -58,22 +60,20 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
-import org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils;
-import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.Before;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Test;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.Mockito;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.AbstractActorTest;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.access.concepts.MemberName;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.AbstractShardManagerTest;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.ClusterWrapperImpl;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.DataStoreVersions;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.DatastoreContext;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.DatastoreContextFactory;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.DistributedDataStore;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.Shard;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.ShardManager.SchemaContextModules;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.ShardManagerSnapshot;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.config.Configuration;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.config.ConfigurationImpl;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.config.EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.config.ModuleShardConfiguration;
@@ -85,9 +85,8 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.identifiers.ShardIdentifier
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.identifiers.ShardManagerIdentifier;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ActorInitialized;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.AddShardReplica;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ChangeShardMembersVotingStatus;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.CreateShard;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.DatastoreSnapshot;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.DatastoreSnapshot.ShardSnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.FindLocalShard;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.FindPrimary;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.LocalPrimaryShardFound;
@@ -99,8 +98,10 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.PrimaryShardInfo;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.RemotePrimaryShardFound;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.RemoveShardReplica;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.ShardLeaderStateChanged;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.SwitchShardBehavior;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.messages.UpdateSchemaContext;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.DatastoreSnapshot;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.DatastoreSnapshot.ShardSnapshot;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.persisted.ShardManagerSnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.utils.ForwardingActor;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.utils.MockClusterWrapper;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.datastore.utils.MockConfiguration;
@@ -109,133 +110,92 @@ import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.notifications.LeaderStateChanged;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.notifications.RegisterRoleChangeListener;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.notifications.RoleChangeNotification;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.RaftState;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.TestActorFactory;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.base.messages.SwitchBehavior;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.client.messages.GetSnapshot;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.client.messages.Shutdown;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.AddServer;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.AddServerReply;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.ChangeServersVotingStatus;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.RemoveServer;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.RemoveServerReply;
+import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.ServerChangeReply;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.ServerChangeStatus;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.messages.ServerRemoved;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.policy.DisableElectionsRaftPolicy;
-import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.utils.InMemoryJournal;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.utils.InMemorySnapshotStore;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.cluster.raft.utils.MessageCollectorActor;
 import org.opendaylight.controller.md.cluster.datastore.model.TestModel;
+import org.opendaylight.yangtools.concepts.Registration;
 import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.data.api.schema.tree.DataTree;
-import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.model.api.SchemaContext;
+import org.opendaylight.yangtools.yang.model.api.EffectiveModelContext;
 import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 import scala.concurrent.Await;
 import scala.concurrent.Future;
 import scala.concurrent.duration.FiniteDuration;
 
-public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
+public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractShardManagerTest {
     private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ShardManagerTest.class);
+    private static final MemberName MEMBER_2 = MemberName.forName("member-2");
+    private static final MemberName MEMBER_3 = MemberName.forName("member-3");
 
-    private static int ID_COUNTER = 1;
+    private static EffectiveModelContext TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT;
 
-    private final String shardMrgIDSuffix = "config" + ID_COUNTER++;
     private final String shardMgrID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
-    @Mock
-    private static CountDownLatch ready;
-
-    private static TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> mockShardActor;
-
-    private static String mockShardName;
-
-    private final DatastoreContext.Builder datastoreContextBuilder = DatastoreContext.newBuilder().
-            dataStoreName(shardMrgIDSuffix).shardInitializationTimeout(600, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
-                   .shardHeartbeatIntervalInMillis(100).shardElectionTimeoutFactor(6);
-
-    private final Collection<ActorSystem> actorSystems = new ArrayList<>();
-
-    private final TestActorFactory actorFactory = new TestActorFactory(getSystem());
-
-    @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-
-        InMemoryJournal.clear();
-        InMemorySnapshotStore.clear();
-
-        if(mockShardActor == null) {
-            mockShardName = new ShardIdentifier(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1", "config").toString();
-            mockShardActor = TestActorRef.create(getSystem(), Props.create(MessageCollectorActor.class), mockShardName);
-        }
-
-        mockShardActor.underlyingActor().clear();
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() {
+        TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT = TestModel.createTestContext();
     }
 
-    @After
-    public void tearDown() {
-        InMemoryJournal.clear();
-        InMemorySnapshotStore.clear();
-
-        for(ActorSystem system: actorSystems) {
-            JavaTestKit.shutdownActorSystem(system, null, Boolean.TRUE);
-        }
-
-        actorFactory.close();
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void afterClass() {
+        TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT = null;
     }
 
-    private ActorSystem newActorSystem(String config) {
-        ActorSystem system = ActorSystem.create("cluster-test", ConfigFactory.load().getConfig(config));
-        actorSystems.add(system);
-        return system;
+    private ActorSystem newActorSystem(final String config) {
+        return newActorSystem("cluster-test", config);
     }
 
-    private ActorRef newMockShardActor(ActorSystem system, String shardName, String memberName) {
-        String name = new ShardIdentifier(shardName, memberName,"config").toString();
-        if(system == getSystem()) {
-            return actorFactory.createTestActor(Props.create(MessageCollectorActor.class), name);
+    private ActorRef newMockShardActor(final ActorSystem system, final String shardName, final String memberName) {
+        String name = ShardIdentifier.create(shardName, MemberName.forName(memberName), "config").toString();
+        if (system == getSystem()) {
+            return actorFactory.createActor(MessageCollectorActor.props(), name);
         }
 
-        return TestActorRef.create(system, Props.create(MessageCollectorActor.class), name);
+        return system.actorOf(MessageCollectorActor.props(), name);
     }
 
     private Props newShardMgrProps() {
         return newShardMgrProps(new MockConfiguration());
     }
 
-    private static DatastoreContextFactory newDatastoreContextFactory(DatastoreContext datastoreContext) {
+    private static DatastoreContextFactory newDatastoreContextFactory(final DatastoreContext datastoreContext) {
         DatastoreContextFactory mockFactory = mock(DatastoreContextFactory.class);
-        Mockito.doReturn(datastoreContext).when(mockFactory).getBaseDatastoreContext();
-        Mockito.doReturn(datastoreContext).when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext(Mockito.anyString());
+        doReturn(datastoreContext).when(mockFactory).getBaseDatastoreContext();
+        doReturn(datastoreContext).when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext(anyString());
         return mockFactory;
     }
 
-    private TestShardManager.Builder newTestShardMgrBuilder() {
-        return TestShardManager.builder(datastoreContextBuilder);
-    }
-
-    private TestShardManager.Builder newTestShardMgrBuilder(Configuration config) {
-        return TestShardManager.builder(datastoreContextBuilder).configuration(config);
-    }
-
-    private Props newShardMgrProps(Configuration config) {
-        return newTestShardMgrBuilder(config).props();
-    }
-
     private TestShardManager.Builder newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor() {
         return newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor(mockShardActor);
     }
 
-    private TestShardManager.Builder newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor(ActorRef shardActor) {
-        return TestShardManager.builder(datastoreContextBuilder).shardActor(shardActor);
+    private TestShardManager.Builder newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor(final ActorRef shardActor) {
+        return TestShardManager.builder(datastoreContextBuilder).shardActor(shardActor)
+                .distributedDataStore(mock(DistributedDataStore.class));
     }
 
 
     private Props newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor() {
-        return newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor().props();
+        return newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor().props().withDispatcher(
+                Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId());
     }
 
-    private Props newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(ActorRef shardActor) {
-        return newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor(shardActor).props();
+    private Props newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(final ActorRef shardActor) {
+        return newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor(shardActor).props()
+                .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId());
     }
 
 
@@ -243,22 +203,23 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         return newTestShardManager(newShardMgrProps());
     }
 
-    private TestShardManager newTestShardManager(Props props) {
+    private TestShardManager newTestShardManager(final Props props) {
         TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManagerActor = actorFactory.createTestActor(props);
         TestShardManager shardManager = shardManagerActor.underlyingActor();
         shardManager.waitForRecoveryComplete();
         return shardManager;
     }
 
-    private static void waitForShardInitialized(ActorRef shardManager, String shardName, JavaTestKit kit) {
+    private static void waitForShardInitialized(final ActorRef shardManager, final String shardName,
+            final TestKit kit) {
         AssertionError last = null;
         Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.createStarted();
-        while(sw.elapsed(TimeUnit.SECONDS) <= 5) {
+        while (sw.elapsed(TimeUnit.SECONDS) <= 5) {
             try {
                 shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(shardName, true), kit.getRef());
                 kit.expectMsgClass(LocalShardFound.class);
                 return;
-            } catch(AssertionError e) {
+            } catch (AssertionError e) {
                 last = e;
             }
 
@@ -268,9 +229,10 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         throw last;
     }
 
-    private static <T> T expectMsgClassOrFailure(Class<T> msgClass, JavaTestKit kit, String msg) {
-        Object reply = kit.expectMsgAnyClassOf(JavaTestKit.duration("5 sec"), msgClass, Failure.class);
-        if(reply instanceof Failure) {
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static <T> T expectMsgClassOrFailure(final Class<T> msgClass, final TestKit kit, final String msg) {
+        Object reply = kit.expectMsgAnyClassOf(kit.duration("5 sec"), msgClass, Failure.class);
+        if (reply instanceof Failure) {
             throw new AssertionError(msg + " failed", ((Failure)reply).cause());
         }
 
@@ -283,46 +245,48 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         final DatastoreContextFactory mockFactory = newDatastoreContextFactory(
                 datastoreContextBuilder.shardElectionTimeoutFactor(5).build());
 
-        Mockito.doReturn(DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).
-                shardElectionTimeoutFactor(6).build()).when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("default");
+        doReturn(
+                DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).shardElectionTimeoutFactor(6).build())
+                .when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("default");
 
-        Mockito.doReturn(DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).
-                shardElectionTimeoutFactor(7).build()).when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("topology");
+        doReturn(
+                DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).shardElectionTimeoutFactor(7).build())
+                .when(mockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("topology");
 
         final MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration() {
             @Override
-            public Collection<String> getMemberShardNames(String memberName) {
+            public Collection<String> getMemberShardNames(final MemberName memberName) {
                 return Arrays.asList("default", "topology");
             }
 
             @Override
-            public Collection<String> getMembersFromShardName(String shardName) {
-                return Arrays.asList("member-1");
+            public Collection<MemberName> getMembersFromShardName(final String shardName) {
+                return members("member-1");
             }
         };
 
-        final TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> defaultShardActor = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                Props.create(MessageCollectorActor.class), actorFactory.generateActorId("default"));
-        final TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> topologyShardActor = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                Props.create(MessageCollectorActor.class), actorFactory.generateActorId("topology"));
+        final ActorRef defaultShardActor = actorFactory.createActor(
+                MessageCollectorActor.props(), actorFactory.generateActorId("default"));
+        final ActorRef topologyShardActor = actorFactory.createActor(
+                MessageCollectorActor.props(), actorFactory.generateActorId("topology"));
 
         final Map<String, Entry<ActorRef, DatastoreContext>> shardInfoMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(
                 new HashMap<String, Entry<ActorRef, DatastoreContext>>());
-        shardInfoMap.put("default", new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<ActorRef, DatastoreContext>(defaultShardActor, null));
-        shardInfoMap.put("topology", new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<ActorRef, DatastoreContext>(topologyShardActor, null));
+        shardInfoMap.put("default", new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(defaultShardActor, null));
+        shardInfoMap.put("topology", new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(topologyShardActor, null));
 
         final PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache primaryShardInfoCache = new PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache();
         final CountDownLatch newShardActorLatch = new CountDownLatch(2);
         class LocalShardManager extends ShardManager {
-            public LocalShardManager(AbstractBuilder<?> builder) {
-                super(builder);
+            LocalShardManager(final AbstractShardManagerCreator<?> creator) {
+                super(creator);
             }
 
             @Override
-            protected ActorRef newShardActor(SchemaContext schemaContext, ShardInformation info) {
+            protected ActorRef newShardActor(final ShardInformation info) {
                 Entry<ActorRef, DatastoreContext> entry = shardInfoMap.get(info.getShardName());
                 ActorRef ref = null;
-                if(entry != null) {
+                if (entry != null) {
                     ref = entry.getKey();
                     entry.setValue(info.getDatastoreContext());
                 }
@@ -332,40 +296,43 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
             }
         }
 
-        final Creator<ShardManager> creator = new Creator<ShardManager>() {
+        final Creator<ShardManager> creator = new Creator<>() {
             private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
             @Override
-            public ShardManager create() throws Exception {
-                return new LocalShardManager(new GenericBuilder<LocalShardManager>(LocalShardManager.class).
-                        datastoreContextFactory(mockFactory).primaryShardInfoCache(primaryShardInfoCache).
-                        configuration(mockConfig));
+            public ShardManager create() {
+                return new LocalShardManager(
+                        new GenericCreator<>(LocalShardManager.class).datastoreContextFactory(mockFactory)
+                                .primaryShardInfoCache(primaryShardInfoCache).configuration(mockConfig));
             }
         };
 
-        JavaTestKit kit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
-        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(Props.create(
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(Props.create(ShardManager.class,
                 new DelegatingShardManagerCreator(creator)).withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-        assertEquals("Shard actors created", true, newShardActorLatch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
-        assertEquals("getShardElectionTimeoutFactor", 6, shardInfoMap.get("default").getValue().
-                getShardElectionTimeoutFactor());
-        assertEquals("getShardElectionTimeoutFactor", 7, shardInfoMap.get("topology").getValue().
-                getShardElectionTimeoutFactor());
+        assertTrue("Shard actors created", newShardActorLatch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals("getShardElectionTimeoutFactor", 6,
+                shardInfoMap.get("default").getValue().getShardElectionTimeoutFactor());
+        assertEquals("getShardElectionTimeoutFactor", 7,
+                shardInfoMap.get("topology").getValue().getShardElectionTimeoutFactor());
 
         DatastoreContextFactory newMockFactory = newDatastoreContextFactory(
                 datastoreContextBuilder.shardElectionTimeoutFactor(5).build());
-        Mockito.doReturn(DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).
-                shardElectionTimeoutFactor(66).build()).when(newMockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("default");
+        doReturn(
+                DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).shardElectionTimeoutFactor(66).build())
+                .when(newMockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("default");
 
-        Mockito.doReturn(DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).
-                shardElectionTimeoutFactor(77).build()).when(newMockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("topology");
+        doReturn(
+                DatastoreContext.newBuilderFrom(datastoreContextBuilder.build()).shardElectionTimeoutFactor(77).build())
+                .when(newMockFactory).getShardDatastoreContext("topology");
 
         shardManager.tell(newMockFactory, kit.getRef());
 
-        DatastoreContext newContext = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(defaultShardActor, DatastoreContext.class);
+        DatastoreContext newContext = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(defaultShardActor,
+                DatastoreContext.class);
         assertEquals("getShardElectionTimeoutFactor", 66, newContext.getShardElectionTimeoutFactor());
 
         newContext = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(topologyShardActor, DatastoreContext.class);
@@ -375,282 +342,279 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonExistentShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonExistentShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary("non-existent", false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary("non-existent", false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), PrimaryNotFoundException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), PrimaryNotFoundException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForLocalLeaderShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForLocalLeaderShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForLocalLeaderShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
 
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, Optional.of(mockDataTree),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), getRef());
+        DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mockDataTree,
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), kit.getRef());
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor, RegisterRoleChangeListener.class);
-            shardManager.tell((new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(),
-                    RaftState.Leader.name())), mockShardActor);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor, RegisterRoleChangeListener.class);
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " +  primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
-                    primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
-            assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree());
-        }};
+        LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5),
+            LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
+            primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
+        assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree());
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForLocalLeaderShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShardBeforeMemberUp() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShardBeforeMemberUp() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShardBeforeMemberUp starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new LeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new LeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShardBeforeMemberUp ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(shardManager, "member-2", getRef().path().toString());
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(shardManager, "member-2", kit.getRef().path().toString());
 
-            String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor);
-            short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, Optional.<DataTree>absent(),
-                    leaderVersion), mockShardActor);
+        String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
+        short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, leaderVersion), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound primaryFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " +  primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
-                    primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-2-shard-default"));
-            assertEquals("getPrimaryVersion", leaderVersion, primaryFound.getPrimaryVersion());
-        }};
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound primaryFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
+            primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-2-shard-default"));
+        assertEquals("getPrimaryVersion", leaderVersion, primaryFound.getPrimaryVersion());
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForNonLocalLeaderShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForUninitializedShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForUninitializedShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForInitializedShardWithNoRole() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForInitializedShardWithNoRole() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NoShardLeaderException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForFollowerShardWithNoInitialLeaderId() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForFollowerShardWithNoInitialLeaderId() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForFollowerShardWithNoInitialLeaderId starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor);
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
-            DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, Optional.of(mockDataTree),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+        DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mockDataTree,
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " +  primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
-                    primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
-            assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree());
-        }};
+        LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5),
+            LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
+            primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
+        assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree());
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForFollowerShardWithNoInitialLeaderId starting");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForShardLeader() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForShardLeader() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForShardLeader starting");
         datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            // We're passing waitUntilInitialized = true to FindPrimary so the response should be
-            // delayed until we send ActorInitialized and RoleChangeNotification.
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), getRef());
+        // We're passing waitUntilInitialized = true to FindPrimary so
+        // the response should be
+        // delayed until we send ActorInitialized and
+        // RoleChangeNotification.
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectNoMsg(FiniteDuration.create(150, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        kit.expectNoMessage(Duration.ofMillis(150));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            expectNoMsg(FiniteDuration.create(150, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        kit.expectNoMessage(Duration.ofMillis(150));
 
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardActor);
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            expectNoMsg(FiniteDuration.create(150, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+        kit.expectNoMessage(Duration.ofMillis(150));
 
-            DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, Optional.of(mockDataTree),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+        DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mockDataTree,
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
 
-            LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " +  primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
-                    primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
-            assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree() );
+        LocalPrimaryShardFound primaryFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + primaryFound.getPrimaryPath(),
+            primaryFound.getPrimaryPath().contains("member-1-shard-default"));
+        assertSame("getLocalShardDataTree", mockDataTree, primaryFound.getLocalShardDataTree());
 
-            expectNoMsg(FiniteDuration.create(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        }};
+        kit.expectNoMessage(Duration.ofMillis(200));
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForShardLeader ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithUninitializedShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithUninitializedShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithUninitializedShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("2 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(2), NotInitializedException.class);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            expectNoMsg(FiniteDuration.create(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-        }};
+        kit.expectNoMessage(Duration.ofMillis(200));
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithUninitializedShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithCandidateShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithCandidateShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithCandidateShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
-                    null, RaftState.Candidate.name()), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, null,
+            RaftState.Candidate.name()), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("2 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(2), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithCandidateShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithIsolatedLeaderShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithIsolatedLeaderShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithIsolatedLeaderShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
-                    null, RaftState.IsolatedLeader.name()), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, null,
+            RaftState.IsolatedLeader.name()), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true),kit. getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("2 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(2), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithIsolatedLeaderShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithNoRoleShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithNoRoleShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithNoRoleShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindPrimary(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("2 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
-        }};
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(2), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryWaitForReadyWithNoRoleShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForRemoteShard() throws Exception {
+    public void testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForRemoteShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForRemoteShard starting");
         String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-1.
 
         final ActorSystem system1 = newActorSystem("Member1");
-        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager1 = TestActorRef.create(system1,
                 newTestShardMgrBuilderWithMockShardActor().cluster(
@@ -661,65 +625,64 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
 
         final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
 
-        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final ActorRef mockShardActor2 = newMockShardActor(system2, "astronauts", "member-2");
 
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(
+                ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+                        .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
 
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager2 = TestActorRef.create(system2,
                 newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig2).shardActor(mockShardActor2).cluster(
                         new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props().withDispatcher(
                                 Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
 
-        new JavaTestKit(system1) {{
-
-            shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-
-            shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(system1);
+        shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
-            shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2,
-                    Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), leaderVersion), mockShardActor2);
-            shardManager2.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
 
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
+        shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class), leaderVersion),
+            mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager2.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor2);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("astronauts", false), getRef());
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("astronauts", false), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound found = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-astronauts-config"));
-            assertEquals("getPrimaryVersion", leaderVersion, found.getPrimaryVersion());
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound found = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-astronauts-config"));
+        assertEquals("getPrimaryVersion", leaderVersion, found.getPrimaryVersion());
 
-            shardManager2.underlyingActor().verifyFindPrimary();
+        shardManager2.underlyingActor().verifyFindPrimary();
 
-            Cluster.get(system2).down(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        // This part times out quite a bit on jenkins for some reason
 
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberRemoved();
-
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("astronauts", false), getRef());
-
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), PrimaryNotFoundException.class);
-        }};
+//                Cluster.get(system2).down(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+//
+//                shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberRemoved();
+//
+//                shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("astronauts", false), getRef());
+//
+//                expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), PrimaryNotFoundException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindPrimaryForRemoteShard ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testShardAvailabilityOnChangeOfMemberReachability() throws Exception {
+    public void testShardAvailabilityOnChangeOfMemberReachability() {
         LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityOnChangeOfMemberReachability starting");
         String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-1.
 
         final ActorSystem system1 = newActorSystem("Member1");
-        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final ActorRef mockShardActor1 = newMockShardActor(system1, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1");
 
@@ -732,272 +695,349 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
 
         final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
 
-        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final ActorRef mockShardActor2 = newMockShardActor(system2, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-2");
 
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-            put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
 
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager2 = TestActorRef.create(system2,
                 newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig2).shardActor(mockShardActor2).cluster(
                         new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props().withDispatcher(
                                 Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
 
-        new JavaTestKit(system1) {{
-
-            shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager1.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(system1);
+        shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
 
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2,
-                Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager1.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION),
-                mockShardActor2);
-            shardManager2.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2,
-                RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardActor2);
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager1.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager2.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound found = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound found = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                createUnreachableMember("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createUnreachableMember("member-2", "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"),
+            kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
 
-            PeerDown peerDown = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerDown.class);
-            assertEquals("getMemberName", "member-2", peerDown.getMemberName());
-            MessageCollectorActor.clearMessages(mockShardActor1);
+        PeerDown peerDown = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerDown.class);
+        assertEquals("getMemberName", MEMBER_2, peerDown.getMemberName());
+        MessageCollectorActor.clearMessages(mockShardActor1);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                    createMemberRemoved("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberRemoved("member-2", "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"),
+            kit.getRef());
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerDown.class);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerDown.class);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                createReachableMember("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createReachableMember("member-2", "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"),
+            kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForReachableMember();
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForReachableMember();
 
-            PeerUp peerUp = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerUp.class);
-            assertEquals("getMemberName", "member-2", peerUp.getMemberName());
-            MessageCollectorActor.clearMessages(mockShardActor1);
+        PeerUp peerUp = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerUp.class);
+        assertEquals("getMemberName", MEMBER_2, peerUp.getMemberName());
+        MessageCollectorActor.clearMessages(mockShardActor1);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound found1 = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path1 = found1.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path1, path1.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound found1 = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path1 = found1.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path1, path1.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                    createMemberUp("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberUp("member-2", "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"),
+            kit.getRef());
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerUp.class);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor1, PeerUp.class);
 
-            // Test FindPrimary wait succeeds after reachable member event.
+        // Test FindPrimary wait succeeds after reachable member event.
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                    createUnreachableMember("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createUnreachableMember("member-2",
+                "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                    createReachableMember("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(
+            MockClusterWrapper.createReachableMember("member-2", "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound found2 = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path2 = found2.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path2, path2.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
-        }};
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound found2 = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path2 = found2.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path2, path2.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
 
         LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityOnChangeOfMemberReachability ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberUnreachableAndLeadershipChange() throws Exception {
+    public void testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberUnreachableAndLeadershipChange() {
         LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberUnreachableAndLeadershipChange starting");
         String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-1.
 
         final ActorSystem system1 = newActorSystem("Member1");
-        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final ActorRef mockShardActor1 = newMockShardActor(system1, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1");
 
         final PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache primaryShardInfoCache = new PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache();
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager1 = TestActorRef.create(system1,
-                newTestShardMgrBuilder().shardActor(mockShardActor1).cluster(
-                        new ClusterWrapperImpl(system1)).primaryShardInfoCache(primaryShardInfoCache).props().
-                            withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
+                newTestShardMgrBuilder().shardActor(mockShardActor1).cluster(new ClusterWrapperImpl(system1))
+                        .primaryShardInfoCache(primaryShardInfoCache).props()
+                        .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                shardManagerID);
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-2.
 
         final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
 
-        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
         final ActorRef mockShardActor2 = newMockShardActor(system2, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-2");
 
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-            put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig2 = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
 
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager2 = TestActorRef.create(system2,
                 newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig2).shardActor(mockShardActor2).cluster(
                         new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props().withDispatcher(
                                 Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
 
-        new JavaTestKit(system1) {{
-            shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager1.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(system1);
+        shardManager1.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
 
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2,
-                Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager1.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION),
-                mockShardActor2);
-            shardManager2.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2,
-                RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardActor2);
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager1.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager2.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            RemotePrimaryShardFound found = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
+        RemotePrimaryShardFound found = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), RemotePrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path, path.contains("member-2-shard-default-config"));
 
-            primaryShardInfoCache.putSuccessful("default", new PrimaryShardInfo(system1.actorSelection(
-                    mockShardActor1.path()), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION, Optional.<DataTree>absent()));
+        primaryShardInfoCache.putSuccessful("default", new PrimaryShardInfo(
+            system1.actorSelection(mockShardActor1.path()), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
 
-            shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.
-                createUnreachableMember("member-2", "akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createUnreachableMember("member-2",
+                "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
+        shardManager1.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NoShardLeaderException.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NoShardLeaderException.class);
 
-            assertNull("Expected primaryShardInfoCache entry removed", primaryShardInfoCache.getIfPresent("default"));
+        assertNull("Expected primaryShardInfoCache entry removed",
+            primaryShardInfoCache.getIfPresent("default"));
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId1, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
-            shardManager1.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager1.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId1, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor1);
+        shardManager1.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor1);
 
-            shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), getRef());
+        shardManager1.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            LocalPrimaryShardFound found1 = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
-            String path1 = found1.getPrimaryPath();
-            assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path1, path1.contains("member-1-shard-default-config"));
-
-        }};
+        LocalPrimaryShardFound found1 = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path1 = found1.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path1, path1.contains("member-1-shard-default-config"));
 
         LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberUnreachableAndLeadershipChange ending");
     }
 
-
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForNonExistentShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberWithNameContainedInLeaderIdUnreachable() {
+        LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberWithNameContainedInLeaderIdUnreachable starting");
+        String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-256", "member-2")).build());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("non-existent", false), getRef());
+        // Create an ActorSystem, ShardManager and actor for member-256.
 
-            LocalShardNotFound notFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardNotFound.class);
+        final ActorSystem system256 = newActorSystem("Member256");
+        // 2562 is the tcp port of Member256 in src/test/resources/application.conf.
+        Cluster.get(system256).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2562"));
 
-            assertEquals("getShardName", "non-existent", notFound.getShardName());
-        }};
-    }
+        final ActorRef mockShardActor256 = newMockShardActor(system256, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-256");
 
-    @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForExistentShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache primaryShardInfoCache = new PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache();
+
+        // ShardManager must be created with shard configuration to let its localShards has shards.
+        final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager256 = TestActorRef.create(system256,
+                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardActor256)
+                        .cluster(new ClusterWrapperImpl(system256))
+                        .primaryShardInfoCache(primaryShardInfoCache).props()
+                        .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                shardManagerID);
+
+        // Create an ActorSystem, ShardManager and actor for member-2 whose name is contained in member-256.
+
+        final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        // Join member-2 into the cluster of member-256.
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2562"));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        final ActorRef mockShardActor2 = newMockShardActor(system2, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-2");
 
-            LocalShardFound found = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
+        final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager2 = TestActorRef.create(system2,
+                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardActor2).cluster(
+                        new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props().withDispatcher(
+                                Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
 
-            assertTrue("Found path contains " + found.getPath().path().toString(),
-                    found.getPath().path().toString().contains("member-1-shard-default-config"));
-        }};
+        final TestKit kit256 = new TestKit(system256);
+        shardManager256.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit256.getRef());
+        shardManager2.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit256.getRef());
+        shardManager256.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor256);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor2);
+
+        String memberId256 = "member-256-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        String memberId2   = "member-2-shard-default-"   + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager256.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId256, memberId256, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor256);
+        shardManager256.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId256, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor256);
+        shardManager2.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId256, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager2.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor2);
+        shardManager256.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+
+        shardManager256.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit256.getRef());
+
+        LocalPrimaryShardFound found = kit256.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        String path = found.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path + " which must on member-256",
+            path.contains("member-256-shard-default-config"));
+
+        PrimaryShardInfo primaryShardInfo = new PrimaryShardInfo(
+            system256.actorSelection(mockShardActor256.path()), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION);
+        primaryShardInfoCache.putSuccessful("default", primaryShardInfo);
+
+        // Simulate member-2 become unreachable.
+        shardManager256.tell(MockClusterWrapper.createUnreachableMember("member-2",
+                "akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"), kit256.getRef());
+        shardManager256.underlyingActor().waitForUnreachableMember();
+
+        // Make sure leader shard on member-256 is still leader and still in the cache.
+        shardManager256.tell(new FindPrimary("default", true), kit256.getRef());
+        found = kit256.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalPrimaryShardFound.class);
+        path = found.getPrimaryPath();
+        assertTrue("Unexpected primary path " + path + " which must still not on member-256",
+            path.contains("member-256-shard-default-config"));
+        Future<PrimaryShardInfo> futurePrimaryShard = primaryShardInfoCache.getIfPresent("default");
+        futurePrimaryShard.onComplete(new OnComplete<PrimaryShardInfo>() {
+            @Override
+            public void onComplete(final Throwable failure, final PrimaryShardInfo futurePrimaryShardInfo) {
+                if (failure != null) {
+                    assertTrue("Primary shard info is unexpectedly removed from primaryShardInfoCache", false);
+                } else {
+                    assertEquals("Expected primaryShardInfoCache entry",
+                        primaryShardInfo, futurePrimaryShardInfo);
+                }
+            }
+        }, system256.dispatchers().defaultGlobalDispatcher());
+
+        LOG.info("testShardAvailabilityChangeOnMemberWithNameContainedInLeaderIdUnreachable ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForNotInitializedShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForNonExistentShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("non-existent", false), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
-        }};
+        LocalShardNotFound notFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardNotFound.class);
+
+        assertEquals("getShardName", "non-existent", notFound.getShardName());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized() throws Exception {
-        LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForExistentShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            // We're passing waitUntilInitialized = true to FindLocalShard so the response should be
-            // delayed until we send ActorInitialized.
-            Future<Object> future = Patterns.ask(shardManager, new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true),
-                    new Timeout(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        LocalShardFound found = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
-            Object resp = Await.result(future, duration("5 seconds"));
-            assertTrue("Expected: LocalShardFound, Actual: " + resp, resp instanceof LocalShardFound);
-        }};
+        assertTrue("Found path contains " + found.getPath().path().toString(),
+            found.getPath().path().toString().contains("member-1-shard-default-config"));
+    }
 
-        LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized starting");
+    @Test
+    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardForNotInitializedShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
+
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnRecoveryJournalIsCleaned() {
-        String persistenceID = "shard-manager-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        InMemoryJournal.addEntry(persistenceID, 1L, new SchemaContextModules(ImmutableSet.of("foo")));
-        InMemoryJournal.addEntry(persistenceID, 2L, new SchemaContextModules(ImmutableSet.of("bar")));
-        InMemoryJournal.addDeleteMessagesCompleteLatch(persistenceID);
+    public void testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized() throws Exception {
+        LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized starting");
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-        TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-        InMemoryJournal.waitForDeleteMessagesComplete(persistenceID);
+        // We're passing waitUntilInitialized = true to FindLocalShard
+        // so the response should be
+        // delayed until we send ActorInitialized.
+        Future<Object> future = Patterns.ask(shardManager, new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, true),
+            new Timeout(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
 
-        // Journal entries up to the last one should've been deleted
-        Map<Long, Object> journal = InMemoryJournal.get(persistenceID);
-        synchronized (journal) {
-            assertEquals("Journal size", 0, journal.size());
-        }
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+
+        Object resp = Await.result(future, kit.duration("5 seconds"));
+        assertTrue("Expected: LocalShardFound, Actual: " + resp, resp instanceof LocalShardFound);
+
+        LOG.info("testOnReceiveFindLocalShardWaitForShardInitialized starting");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -1005,230 +1045,225 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
         String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(
                 memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()));
+        assertFalse(ready.isDone());
 
-        verify(ready, never()).countDown();
-
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId,
-                Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
-
-        verify(ready, times(1)).countDown();
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId,
+                mock(DataTree.class), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
+        assertTrue(ready.isDone());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testRoleChangeNotificationToFollowerWithShardLeaderStateChangedReleaseReady() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
-
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(
-                    memberId, null, RaftState.Follower.name()));
-
-            verify(ready, never()).countDown();
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberUp("member-2", getRef().path().toString()));
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, null, RaftState.Follower.name()));
+        assertFalse(ready.isDone());
 
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId,
-                    "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
+        shardManager.handleCommand(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberUp("member-2", kit.getRef().path().toString()));
 
-            verify(ready, times(1)).countDown();
-        }};
+        shardManager.handleCommand(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
+                mock(DataTree.class), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
+        assertTrue(ready.isDone());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testReadyCountDownForMemberUpAfterLeaderStateChanged() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
-
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, null, RaftState.Follower.name()));
-
-            verify(ready, never()).countDown();
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId,
-                    "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, null, RaftState.Follower.name()));
+        assertFalse(ready.isDone());
 
-            shardManager.onReceiveCommand(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberUp("member-2", getRef().path().toString()));
+        shardManager.handleCommand(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
+                mock(DataTree.class), DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION));
 
-            verify(ready, times(1)).countDown();
-        }};
+        shardManager.handleCommand(MockClusterWrapper.createMemberUp("member-2", kit.getRef().path().toString()));
+        assertTrue(ready.isDone());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testRoleChangeNotificationDoNothingForUnknownShard() throws Exception {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(
-                "unknown", RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()));
-
-        verify(ready, never()).countDown();
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification("unknown", RaftState.Candidate.name(),
+            RaftState.Leader.name()));
+        assertFalse(ready.isDone());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testByDefaultSyncStatusIsFalse() throws Exception{
+    public void testByDefaultSyncStatusIsFalse() {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testWhenShardIsLeaderSyncStatusIsTrue() throws Exception{
+    public void testWhenShardIsLeaderSyncStatusIsTrue() throws Exception {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification("member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
                 RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()));
 
-        assertEquals(true, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertTrue(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testWhenShardIsCandidateSyncStatusIsFalse() throws Exception{
+    public void testWhenShardIsCandidateSyncStatusIsFalse() throws Exception {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
         String shardId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(shardId,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(shardId,
                 RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Candidate.name()));
 
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Send a FollowerInitialSyncStatus with status = true for the replica whose current state is candidate
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(
                 true, shardId));
 
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testWhenShardIsFollowerSyncStatusDependsOnFollowerInitialSyncStatus() throws Exception{
+    public void testWhenShardIsFollowerSyncStatusDependsOnFollowerInitialSyncStatus() throws Exception {
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager();
 
         String shardId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(shardId,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(shardId,
                 RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()));
 
         // Initially will be false
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Send status true will make sync status true
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(true, shardId));
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(true, shardId));
 
-        assertEquals(true, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertTrue(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Send status false will make sync status false
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(false, shardId));
-
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(false, shardId));
 
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testWhenMultipleShardsPresentSyncStatusMustBeTrueForAllShards() throws Exception{
+    public void testWhenMultipleShardsPresentSyncStatusMustBeTrueForAllShards() throws Exception {
         LOG.info("testWhenMultipleShardsPresentSyncStatusMustBeTrueForAllShards starting");
         TestShardManager shardManager = newTestShardManager(newShardMgrProps(new MockConfiguration() {
             @Override
-            public List<String> getMemberShardNames(String memberName) {
+            public List<String> getMemberShardNames(final MemberName memberName) {
                 return Arrays.asList("default", "astronauts");
             }
         }));
 
         // Initially will be false
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Make default shard leader
         String defaultShardId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(defaultShardId,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(defaultShardId,
                 RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()));
 
         // default = Leader, astronauts is unknown so sync status remains false
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Make astronauts shard leader as well
         String astronautsShardId = "member-1-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(astronautsShardId,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(astronautsShardId,
                 RaftState.Follower.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()));
 
         // Now sync status should be true
-        assertEquals(true, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertTrue(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Make astronauts a Follower
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(astronautsShardId,
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new RoleChangeNotification(astronautsShardId,
                 RaftState.Leader.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()));
 
         // Sync status is not true
-        assertEquals(false, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertFalse(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         // Make the astronauts follower sync status true
-        shardManager.onReceiveCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(true, astronautsShardId));
+        shardManager.handleCommand(new FollowerInitialSyncUpStatus(true, astronautsShardId));
 
         // Sync status is now true
-        assertEquals(true, shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
+        assertTrue(shardManager.getMBean().getSyncStatus());
 
         LOG.info("testWhenMultipleShardsPresentSyncStatusMustBeTrueForAllShards ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testOnReceiveSwitchShardBehavior() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+    public void testOnReceiveSwitchShardBehavior() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new SwitchShardBehavior(mockShardName, RaftState.Leader, 1000), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new SwitchShardBehavior(mockShardName, RaftState.Leader, 1000), kit.getRef());
 
-            SwitchBehavior switchBehavior = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor, SwitchBehavior.class);
+        SwitchBehavior switchBehavior = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardActor,
+            SwitchBehavior.class);
 
-            assertEquals(RaftState.Leader, switchBehavior.getNewState());
-            assertEquals(1000, switchBehavior.getNewTerm());
-        }};
+        assertEquals(RaftState.Leader, switchBehavior.getNewState());
+        assertEquals(1000, switchBehavior.getNewTerm());
+    }
+
+    private static List<MemberName> members(final String... names) {
+        return Arrays.asList(names).stream().map(MemberName::forName).collect(Collectors.toList());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testOnCreateShard() {
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShard starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES).persistent(true);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES).persistent(true);
 
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newShardMgrProps(
-                    new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider())));
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newShardMgrProps(new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider()))
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            SchemaContext schemaContext = TestModel.createTestContext();
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(schemaContext), ActorRef.noSender());
+        EffectiveModelContext schemaContext = TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT;
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(schemaContext), ActorRef.noSender());
 
-            DatastoreContext datastoreContext = DatastoreContext.newBuilder().shardElectionTimeoutFactor(100).
-                    persistent(false).build();
-            Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
+        DatastoreContext datastoreContext = DatastoreContext.newBuilder().shardElectionTimeoutFactor(100)
+                .persistent(false).build();
+        Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
 
-            ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
-                    "foo", null, Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-5", "member-6"));
-            shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, datastoreContext), getRef());
+        ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
+            "foo", null, members("member-1", "member-5", "member-6"));
+        shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, datastoreContext), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Success.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
-            assertEquals("isRecoveryApplicable", false, shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext().isPersistent());
-            assertTrue("Epxected ShardPeerAddressResolver", shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext().getShardRaftConfig().
-                    getPeerAddressResolver() instanceof ShardPeerAddressResolver);
-            assertEquals("peerMembers", Sets.newHashSet(new ShardIdentifier("foo", "member-5", shardMrgIDSuffix).toString(),
-                    new ShardIdentifier("foo", "member-6", shardMrgIDSuffix).toString()),
-                    shardBuilder.getPeerAddresses().keySet());
-            assertEquals("ShardIdentifier", new ShardIdentifier("foo", "member-1", shardMrgIDSuffix),
-                    shardBuilder.getId());
-            assertSame("schemaContext", schemaContext, shardBuilder.getSchemaContext());
+        assertFalse("isRecoveryApplicable", shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext().isPersistent());
+        assertTrue("Epxected ShardPeerAddressResolver", shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext().getShardRaftConfig()
+            .getPeerAddressResolver() instanceof ShardPeerAddressResolver);
+        assertEquals("peerMembers", Sets.newHashSet(
+            ShardIdentifier.create("foo", MemberName.forName("member-5"), shardMrgIDSuffix).toString(),
+            ShardIdentifier.create("foo", MemberName.forName("member-6"), shardMrgIDSuffix).toString()),
+            shardBuilder.getPeerAddresses().keySet());
+        assertEquals("ShardIdentifier", ShardIdentifier.create("foo", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix),
+            shardBuilder.getId());
+        assertSame("schemaContext", schemaContext, shardBuilder.getSchemaContext());
 
-            // Send CreateShard with same name - should return Success with a message.
+        // Send CreateShard with same name - should return Success with
+        // a message.
 
-            shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), kit.getRef());
 
-            Success success = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Success.class);
-            assertNotNull("Success status is null", success.status());
-        }};
+        Success success = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
+        assertNotNull("Success status is null", success.status());
 
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShard ending");
     }
@@ -1236,28 +1271,28 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     @Test
     public void testOnCreateShardWithLocalMemberNotInShardConfig() {
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShardWithLocalMemberNotInShardConfig starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES).persistent(true);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES).persistent(true);
 
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newShardMgrProps(
-                    new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider())));
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newShardMgrProps(new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider()))
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), ActorRef.noSender());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), ActorRef.noSender());
 
-            Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
-            ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
-                    "foo", null, Arrays.asList("member-5", "member-6"));
+        Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
+        ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
+            "foo", null, members("member-5", "member-6"));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Success.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
-            assertEquals("peerMembers size", 0, shardBuilder.getPeerAddresses().size());
-            assertEquals("schemaContext", DisableElectionsRaftPolicy.class.getName(),
-                    shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext().getShardRaftConfig().getCustomRaftPolicyImplementationClass());
-        }};
+        assertEquals("peerMembers size", 0, shardBuilder.getPeerAddresses().size());
+        assertEquals("schemaContext", DisableElectionsRaftPolicy.class.getName(), shardBuilder
+            .getDatastoreContext().getShardRaftConfig().getCustomRaftPolicyImplementationClass());
 
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShardWithLocalMemberNotInShardConfig ending");
     }
@@ -1265,50 +1300,49 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     @Test
     public void testOnCreateShardWithNoInitialSchemaContext() {
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShardWithNoInitialSchemaContext starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newShardMgrProps(
-                    new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider())));
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newShardMgrProps(new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider()))
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
+        Shard.Builder shardBuilder = Shard.builder();
 
-            ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
-                    "foo", null, Arrays.asList("member-1"));
-            shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), getRef());
+        ModuleShardConfiguration config = new ModuleShardConfiguration(URI.create("foo-ns"), "foo-module",
+            "foo", null, members("member-1"));
+        shardManager.tell(new CreateShard(config, shardBuilder, null), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Success.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
 
-            SchemaContext schemaContext = TestModel.createTestContext();
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(schemaContext), ActorRef.noSender());
+        EffectiveModelContext schemaContext = TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT;
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(schemaContext), ActorRef.noSender());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("foo", true), kit.getRef());
 
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
-            assertSame("schemaContext", schemaContext, shardBuilder.getSchemaContext());
-            assertNotNull("schemaContext is null", shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext());
-        }};
+        assertSame("schemaContext", schemaContext, shardBuilder.getSchemaContext());
+        assertNotNull("schemaContext is null", shardBuilder.getDatastoreContext());
 
         LOG.info("testOnCreateShardWithNoInitialSchemaContext ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testGetSnapshot() throws Throwable {
+    public void testGetSnapshot() {
         LOG.info("testGetSnapshot starting");
-        JavaTestKit kit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+        TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                   put("shard1", Arrays.asList("member-1")).
-                   put("shard2", Arrays.asList("member-1")).
-                   put("astronauts", Collections.<String>emptyList()).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                .put("shard1", Arrays.asList("member-1")).put("shard2", Arrays.asList("member-1"))
+                .put("astronauts", Collections.<String>emptyList()).build());
 
-        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newShardMgrProps(mockConfig).
-                withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newShardMgrProps(mockConfig)
+                .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
         shardManager.tell(GetSnapshot.INSTANCE, kit.getRef());
         Failure failure = kit.expectMsgClass(Failure.class);
         assertEquals("Failure cause type", IllegalStateException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
 
-        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), ActorRef.noSender());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), ActorRef.noSender());
 
         waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "shard1", kit);
         waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "shard2", kit);
@@ -1320,19 +1354,12 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         assertEquals("getType", shardMrgIDSuffix, datastoreSnapshot.getType());
         assertNull("Expected null ShardManagerSnapshot", datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot());
 
-        Function<ShardSnapshot, String> shardNameTransformer = new Function<ShardSnapshot, String>() {
-            @Override
-            public String apply(ShardSnapshot s) {
-                return s.getName();
-            }
-        };
-
         assertEquals("Shard names", Sets.newHashSet("shard1", "shard2"), Sets.newHashSet(
-                Lists.transform(datastoreSnapshot.getShardSnapshots(), shardNameTransformer)));
+            datastoreSnapshot.getShardSnapshots().stream().map(ShardSnapshot::getName).collect(Collectors.toSet())));
 
         // Add a new replica
 
-        JavaTestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+        TestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
         TestShardManager shardManagerInstance = shardManager.underlyingActor();
         shardManagerInstance.setMessageInterceptor(newFindPrimaryInterceptor(mockShardLeaderKit.getRef()));
@@ -1349,11 +1376,10 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         datastoreSnapshot = expectMsgClassOrFailure(DatastoreSnapshot.class, kit, "GetSnapshot");
 
         assertEquals("Shard names", Sets.newHashSet("shard1", "shard2", "astronauts"), Sets.newHashSet(
-                Lists.transform(datastoreSnapshot.getShardSnapshots(), shardNameTransformer)));
+                Lists.transform(datastoreSnapshot.getShardSnapshots(), ShardSnapshot::getName)));
 
-        byte[] snapshotBytes = datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot();
-        assertNotNull("Expected ShardManagerSnapshot", snapshotBytes);
-        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot = SerializationUtils.deserialize(snapshotBytes);
+        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot = datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot();
+        assertNotNull("Expected ShardManagerSnapshot", snapshot);
         assertEquals("Shard names", Sets.newHashSet("shard1", "shard2", "astronauts"),
                 Sets.newHashSet(snapshot.getShardList()));
 
@@ -1361,28 +1387,27 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRestoreFromSnapshot() throws Throwable {
+    public void testRestoreFromSnapshot() {
         LOG.info("testRestoreFromSnapshot starting");
 
         datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
-        JavaTestKit kit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+        TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                   put("shard1", Collections.<String>emptyList()).
-                   put("shard2", Collections.<String>emptyList()).
-                   put("astronauts", Collections.<String>emptyList()).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                .put("shard1", Collections.<String>emptyList()).put("shard2", Collections.<String>emptyList())
+                .put("astronauts", Collections.<String>emptyList()).build());
 
-
-        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot = new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList("shard1", "shard2", "astronauts"));
-        DatastoreSnapshot restoreFromSnapshot = new DatastoreSnapshot(shardMrgIDSuffix,
-                SerializationUtils.serialize(snapshot), Collections.<ShardSnapshot>emptyList());
-        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).
-                restoreFromSnapshot(restoreFromSnapshot).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
+        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot =
+                new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList("shard1", "shard2", "astronauts"), Collections.emptyMap());
+        DatastoreSnapshot restoreFromSnapshot = new DatastoreSnapshot(shardMrgIDSuffix, snapshot,
+                Collections.<ShardSnapshot>emptyList());
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig)
+                .restoreFromSnapshot(restoreFromSnapshot).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
         shardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
 
-        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), ActorRef.noSender());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), ActorRef.noSender());
 
         waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "shard1", kit);
         waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "shard2", kit);
@@ -1394,317 +1419,317 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
 
         assertEquals("getType", shardMrgIDSuffix, datastoreSnapshot.getType());
 
-        byte[] snapshotBytes = datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot();
-        assertNotNull("Expected ShardManagerSnapshot", snapshotBytes);
-        snapshot = SerializationUtils.deserialize(snapshotBytes);
+        assertNotNull("Expected ShardManagerSnapshot", datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot());
         assertEquals("Shard names", Sets.newHashSet("shard1", "shard2", "astronauts"),
-                Sets.newHashSet(snapshot.getShardList()));
+                Sets.newHashSet(datastoreSnapshot.getShardManagerSnapshot().getShardList()));
 
         LOG.info("testRestoreFromSnapshot ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaForNonExistentShardConfig() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newShardMgrProps(
-                    new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider())));
+    public void testAddShardReplicaForNonExistentShardConfig() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newShardMgrProps(new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider()))
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("model-inventory"), getRef());
-            Status.Failure resp = expectMsgClass(duration("2 seconds"), Status.Failure.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("model-inventory"), kit.getRef());
+        Status.Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(2), Status.Failure.class);
 
-            assertEquals("Failure obtained", true,
-                          (resp.cause() instanceof IllegalArgumentException));
-        }};
+        assertTrue("Failure obtained", resp.cause() instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplica() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplica() {
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplica starting");
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                   put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                   put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(
+                ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+                        .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
 
         final String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
         datastoreContextBuilder.shardManagerPersistenceId(shardManagerID);
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-1.
         final ActorSystem system1 = newActorSystem("Member1");
-        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
         ActorRef mockDefaultShardActor = newMockShardActor(system1, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1");
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> newReplicaShardManager = TestActorRef.create(system1,
-                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockDefaultShardActor).cluster(
-                        new ClusterWrapperImpl(system1)).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
+                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockDefaultShardActor)
+                        .cluster(new ClusterWrapperImpl(system1)).props()
+                        .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                shardManagerID);
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-2.
         final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
-        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
-
-        String name = new ShardIdentifier("astronauts", "member-2", "config").toString();
-        final TestActorRef<MockRespondActor> mockShardLeaderActor =
-                TestActorRef.create(system2, Props.create(MockRespondActor.class).
-                        withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), name);
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        String name = ShardIdentifier.create("astronauts", MEMBER_2, "config").toString();
+        final TestActorRef<MockRespondActor> mockShardLeaderActor = TestActorRef.create(system2,
+                Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, AddServer.class,
+                        new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, memberId2))
+                        .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                name);
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> leaderShardManager = TestActorRef.create(system2,
-                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardLeaderActor).cluster(
-                        new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props().
-                            withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardManagerID);
-
-        new JavaTestKit(system1) {{
-
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
-
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2,
-                    Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), leaderVersion), mockShardLeaderActor);
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardLeaderActor);
-
-            newReplicaShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
-            leaderShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
-
-            //Have a dummy snapshot to be overwritten by the new data persisted.
-            String[] restoredShards = {"default", "people"};
-            ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot = new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList(restoredShards));
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshot(shardManagerID, snapshot);
-            Uninterruptibles.sleepUninterruptibly(2, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshotSavedLatch(shardManagerID);
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshotDeletedLatch(shardManagerID);
-
-            //construct a mock response message
-            AddServerReply response = new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, memberId2);
-            mockShardLeaderActor.underlyingActor().updateResponse(response);
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), getRef());
-            AddServer addServerMsg = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardLeaderActor,
-                AddServer.class);
-            String addServerId = "member-1-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            assertEquals("AddServer serverId", addServerId, addServerMsg.getNewServerId());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Status.Success.class);
-
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.waitForSavedSnapshot(shardManagerID, ShardManagerSnapshot.class);
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.waitForDeletedSnapshot(shardManagerID);
-            List<ShardManagerSnapshot> persistedSnapshots =
-                InMemorySnapshotStore.getSnapshots(shardManagerID, ShardManagerSnapshot.class);
-            assertEquals("Number of snapshots persisted", 1, persistedSnapshots.size());
-            ShardManagerSnapshot shardManagerSnapshot = persistedSnapshots.get(0);
-            assertEquals("Persisted local shards", Sets.newHashSet("default", "astronauts"),
-                    Sets.newHashSet(shardManagerSnapshot.getShardList()));
-        }};
+                newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardLeaderActor)
+                        .cluster(new ClusterWrapperImpl(system2)).props()
+                        .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+                shardManagerID);
+
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        leaderShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+
+        leaderShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
+
+        short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
+        leaderShardManager.tell(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class), leaderVersion),
+            mockShardLeaderActor);
+        leaderShardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardLeaderActor);
+
+        newReplicaShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        leaderShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+
+        // Have a dummy snapshot to be overwritten by the new data
+        // persisted.
+        String[] restoredShards = { "default", "people" };
+        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot =
+                new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList(restoredShards), Collections.emptyMap());
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshot(shardManagerID, snapshot);
+        Uninterruptibles.sleepUninterruptibly(2, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshotSavedLatch(shardManagerID);
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshotDeletedLatch(shardManagerID);
+
+        // construct a mock response message
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), kit.getRef());
+        AddServer addServerMsg = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardLeaderActor,
+            AddServer.class);
+        String addServerId = "member-1-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        assertEquals("AddServer serverId", addServerId, addServerMsg.getNewServerId());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Status.Success.class);
+
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.waitForSavedSnapshot(shardManagerID, ShardManagerSnapshot.class);
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.waitForDeletedSnapshot(shardManagerID);
+        List<ShardManagerSnapshot> persistedSnapshots = InMemorySnapshotStore.getSnapshots(shardManagerID,
+            ShardManagerSnapshot.class);
+        assertEquals("Number of snapshots persisted", 1, persistedSnapshots.size());
+        ShardManagerSnapshot shardManagerSnapshot = persistedSnapshots.get(0);
+        assertEquals("Persisted local shards", Sets.newHashSet("default", "astronauts"),
+            Sets.newHashSet(shardManagerSnapshot.getShardList()));
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplica ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingReplicaInRemoteShardLeader() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingReplicaInRemoteShardLeader() {
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingReplicaInRemoteShardLeader starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(), shardMgrID);
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createTestActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(), shardMgrID);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
 
-            String leaderId = "leader-member-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            AddServerReply addServerReply = new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.ALREADY_EXISTS, null);
-            ActorRef leaderShardActor = shardManager.underlyingActor().getContext().actorOf(
-                    Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, addServerReply), leaderId);
+        String leaderId = "leader-member-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        AddServerReply addServerReply = new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.ALREADY_EXISTS, null);
+        ActorRef leaderShardActor = shardManager.underlyingActor().getContext()
+                .actorOf(Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, AddServer.class, addServerReply), leaderId);
 
-            MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(shardManager, "leader-member", leaderShardActor.path().toString());
+        MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(shardManager, "leader-member", leaderShardActor.path().toString());
 
-            String newReplicaId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(newReplicaId,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(newReplicaId, leaderId, Optional.<DataTree>absent(),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+        String newReplicaId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(newReplicaId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(newReplicaId, leaderId, DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), kit.getRef());
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(leaderShardActor, AddServer.class);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(leaderShardActor, AddServer.class);
 
-            Failure resp = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
+        Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
+        assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
-            // Send message again to verify previous in progress state is cleared
+        // Send message again to verify previous in progress state is
+        // cleared
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), getRef());
-            resp = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), kit.getRef());
+        resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
+        assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
 
-            // Send message again with an AddServer timeout to verify the pre-existing shard actor isn't terminated.
+        // Send message again with an AddServer timeout to verify the
+        // pre-existing shard actor isn't terminated.
 
-            shardManager.tell(newDatastoreContextFactory(datastoreContextBuilder.
-                    shardLeaderElectionTimeout(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS).build()), getRef());
-            leaderShardActor.tell(MockRespondActor.CLEAR_RESPONSE, ActorRef.noSender());
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
+        shardManager.tell(
+            newDatastoreContextFactory(
+                datastoreContextBuilder.shardLeaderElectionTimeout(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS).build()), kit.getRef());
+        leaderShardActor.tell(MockRespondActor.CLEAR_RESPONSE, ActorRef.noSender());
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
-        }};
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingReplicaInRemoteShardLeader ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingLocalReplicaLeader() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingLocalReplicaLeader() {
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingLocalReplicaLeader starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell((new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(),
-                    RaftState.Leader.name())), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), getRef());
-            Failure resp = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME), kit.getRef());
+        Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
+        assertEquals("Failure cause", AlreadyExistsException.class, resp.cause().getClass());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardFound.class);
-        }};
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardFound.class);
 
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithPreExistingLocalReplicaLeader ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaWithAddServerReplyFailure() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplicaWithAddServerReplyFailure() {
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithAddServerReplyFailure starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            JavaTestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final TestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                    new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                       put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(
+            ImmutableMap.of("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")));
 
-            ActorRef mockNewReplicaShardActor = newMockShardActor(getSystem(), "astronauts", "member-1");
-            final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockNewReplicaShardActor).props(), shardMgrID);
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().setMessageInterceptor(newFindPrimaryInterceptor(mockShardLeaderKit.getRef()));
+        ActorRef mockNewReplicaShardActor = newMockShardActor(getSystem(), "astronauts", "member-1");
+        final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+            newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockNewReplicaShardActor).props()
+            .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardMgrID);
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().setMessageInterceptor(newFindPrimaryInterceptor(mockShardLeaderKit.getRef()));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            JavaTestKit terminateWatcher = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
-            terminateWatcher.watch(mockNewReplicaShardActor);
+        TestKit terminateWatcher = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        terminateWatcher.watch(mockNewReplicaShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), kit.getRef());
 
-            AddServer addServerMsg = mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(AddServer.class);
-            assertEquals("AddServer serverId", "member-1-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
-                    addServerMsg.getNewServerId());
-            mockShardLeaderKit.reply(new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.TIMEOUT, null));
+        AddServer addServerMsg = mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(AddServer.class);
+        assertEquals("AddServer serverId", "member-1-shard-astronauts-" + shardMrgIDSuffix,
+            addServerMsg.getNewServerId());
+        mockShardLeaderKit.reply(new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.TIMEOUT, null));
 
-            Failure failure = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure cause", TimeoutException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
+        Failure failure = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
+        assertEquals("Failure cause", TimeoutException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("astronauts", false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardNotFound.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("astronauts", false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardNotFound.class);
 
-            terminateWatcher.expectTerminated(mockNewReplicaShardActor);
+        terminateWatcher.expectTerminated(mockNewReplicaShardActor);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), getRef());
-            mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(AddServer.class);
-            mockShardLeaderKit.reply(new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.NO_LEADER, null));
-            failure = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure cause", NoShardLeaderException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
-        }};
+        shardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), kit.getRef());
+        mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(AddServer.class);
+        mockShardLeaderKit.reply(new AddServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.NO_LEADER, null));
+        failure = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
+        assertEquals("Failure cause", NoShardLeaderException.class, failure.cause().getClass());
 
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithAddServerReplyFailure ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaWithAlreadyInProgress() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplicaWithAlreadyInProgress() {
         testServerChangeWhenAlreadyInProgress("astronauts", new AddShardReplica("astronauts"),
                 AddServer.class, new AddShardReplica("astronauts"));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testAddShardReplicaWithFindPrimaryTimeout() throws Exception {
+    public void testAddShardReplicaWithFindPrimaryTimeout() {
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithFindPrimaryTimeout starting");
         datastoreContextBuilder.shardInitializationTimeout(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                       put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.of("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")));
 
-            final ActorRef newReplicaShardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).
-                    shardActor(mockShardActor).props(), shardMgrID);
+        final ActorRef newReplicaShardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardActor).props()
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardMgrID);
 
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(newReplicaShardManager, "member-2",
-                    AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://non-existent@127.0.0.1:5").toString());
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        MockClusterWrapper.sendMemberUp(newReplicaShardManager, "member-2",
+            AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://non-existent@127.0.0.1:5").toString());
 
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), getRef());
-            Status.Failure resp = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Status.Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure obtained", true,
-                          (resp.cause() instanceof RuntimeException));
-        }};
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new AddShardReplica("astronauts"), kit.getRef());
+        Status.Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Status.Failure.class);
+        assertTrue("Failure obtained", resp.cause() instanceof RuntimeException);
 
         LOG.info("testAddShardReplicaWithFindPrimaryTimeout ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRemoveShardReplicaForNonExistentShard() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newShardMgrProps(
-                    new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider())));
+    public void testRemoveShardReplicaForNonExistentShard() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createActor(newShardMgrProps(new ConfigurationImpl(new EmptyModuleShardConfigProvider()))
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica("model-inventory", "member-1"), getRef());
-            Status.Failure resp = expectMsgClass(duration("10 seconds"), Status.Failure.class);
-            assertEquals("Failure obtained", true,
-                         (resp.cause() instanceof PrimaryNotFoundException));
-        }};
+        shardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica("model-inventory", MEMBER_1), kit.getRef());
+        Status.Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(10), Status.Failure.class);
+        assertTrue("Failure obtained", resp.cause() instanceof PrimaryNotFoundException);
     }
 
     @Test
     /**
-     * Primary is Local
+     * Primary is Local.
      */
-    public void testRemoveShardReplicaLocal() throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+    public void testRemoveShardReplicaLocal() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
 
-            final TestActorRef<MockRespondActor> respondActor =
-                    TestActorRef.create(getSystem(), Props.create(MockRespondActor.class), memberId);
+        final ActorRef respondActor = actorFactory.createActor(Props.create(MockRespondActor.class,
+            RemoveServer.class, new RemoveServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, null)), memberId);
 
-            ActorRef shardManager = getSystem().actorOf(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(respondActor));
+        ActorRef shardManager = getSystem().actorOf(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(respondActor));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), respondActor);
-            shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)),
-                    DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell((new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(),
-                    RaftState.Leader.name())), respondActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), respondActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            respondActor);
 
-            respondActor.underlyingActor().updateResponse(new RemoveServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, null));
-            shardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1"), getRef());
-            final RemoveServer removeServer = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(respondActor, RemoveServer.class);
-            assertEquals(new ShardIdentifier("default", "member-1", shardMrgIDSuffix).toString(),
-                    removeServer.getServerId());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Success.class);
-        }};
+        shardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica(Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, MEMBER_1), kit.getRef());
+        final RemoveServer removeServer = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(respondActor,
+            RemoveServer.class);
+        assertEquals(ShardIdentifier.create("default", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString(),
+            removeServer.getServerId());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRemoveShardReplicaRemote() throws Exception {
-        MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                        put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                        put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-1")).build());
+    public void testRemoveShardReplicaRemote() {
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(
+                ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+                        .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-1")).build());
 
         String shardManagerID = ShardManagerIdentifier.builder().type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-1.
         final ActorSystem system1 = newActorSystem("Member1");
-        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system1).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
         ActorRef mockDefaultShardActor = newMockShardActor(system1, Shard.DEFAULT_NAME, "member-1");
 
         final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> newReplicaShardManager = TestActorRef.create(system1,
@@ -1714,11 +1739,13 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
 
         // Create an ActorSystem ShardManager actor for member-2.
         final ActorSystem system2 = newActorSystem("Member2");
-        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
+        Cluster.get(system2).join(AddressFromURIString.parse("akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2558"));
 
-        String name = new ShardIdentifier("default", "member-2", shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        String name = ShardIdentifier.create("default", MEMBER_2, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
         final TestActorRef<MockRespondActor> mockShardLeaderActor =
-                TestActorRef.create(system2, Props.create(MockRespondActor.class), name);
+                TestActorRef.create(system2, Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, RemoveServer.class,
+                        new RemoveServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, memberId2)), name);
 
         LOG.error("Mock Shard Leader Actor : {}", mockShardLeaderActor);
 
@@ -1728,11 +1755,11 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
                 shardManagerID);
 
         // Because mockShardLeaderActor is created at the top level of the actor system it has an address like so,
-        //    akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2559/user/member-2-shard-default-config1
+        //    akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2559/user/member-2-shard-default-config1
         // However when a shard manager has a local shard which is a follower and a leader that is remote it will
         // try to compute an address for the remote shard leader using the ShardPeerAddressResolver. This address will
         // look like so,
-        //    akka.tcp://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2559/user/shardmanager-config1/member-2-shard-default-config1
+        //    akka://cluster-test@127.0.0.1:2559/user/shardmanager-config1/member-2-shard-default-config1
         // In this specific case if we did a FindPrimary for shard default from member-1 we would come up
         // with the address of an actor which does not exist, therefore any message sent to that actor would go to
         // dead letters.
@@ -1740,190 +1767,185 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         // mockShardLeaderActor. The ForwardingActor simply forwards all messages to the mockShardLeaderActor and every
         // thing works as expected
         final ActorRef actorRef = leaderShardManager.underlyingActor().context()
-                .actorOf(Props.create(ForwardingActor.class, mockShardLeaderActor), "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix);
+                .actorOf(Props.create(ForwardingActor.class, mockShardLeaderActor),
+                        "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix);
 
         LOG.error("Forwarding actor : {}", actorRef);
 
-        new JavaTestKit(system1) {{
-
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
-
-            String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2,
-                    Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), leaderVersion), mockShardLeaderActor);
-            leaderShardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()), mockShardLeaderActor);
-
-            String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2,
-                    Optional.of(mock(DataTree.class)), leaderVersion), mockShardActor);
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1,
-                    RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()), mockShardActor);
-
-            newReplicaShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
-            leaderShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
-
-            //construct a mock response message
-            RemoveServerReply response = new RemoveServerReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, memberId2);
-            mockShardLeaderActor.underlyingActor().updateResponse(response);
-            newReplicaShardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica("default", "member-1"), getRef());
-            RemoveServer removeServer = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardLeaderActor,
-                    RemoveServer.class);
-            String removeServerId = new ShardIdentifier("default", "member-1", shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
-            assertEquals("RemoveServer serverId", removeServerId, removeServer.getServerId());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Status.Success.class);
-        }};
-
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        leaderShardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+
+        leaderShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardLeaderActor);
+
+        short leaderVersion = DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION - 1;
+        leaderShardManager.tell(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId2, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class), leaderVersion),
+            mockShardLeaderActor);
+        leaderShardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId2, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            mockShardLeaderActor);
+
+        String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(
+            new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, mock(DataTree.class), leaderVersion),
+            mockShardActor);
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId1, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Follower.name()),
+            mockShardActor);
+
+        newReplicaShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+        leaderShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForMemberUp();
+
+        // construct a mock response message
+        newReplicaShardManager.tell(new RemoveShardReplica("default", MEMBER_1), kit.getRef());
+        RemoveServer removeServer = MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(mockShardLeaderActor,
+            RemoveServer.class);
+        String removeServerId = ShardIdentifier.create("default", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        assertEquals("RemoveServer serverId", removeServerId, removeServer.getServerId());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Status.Success.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRemoveShardReplicaWhenAnotherRemoveShardReplicaAlreadyInProgress() throws Exception {
-        testServerChangeWhenAlreadyInProgress("astronauts", new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", "member-2"),
-                RemoveServer.class, new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", "member-3"));
+    public void testRemoveShardReplicaWhenAnotherRemoveShardReplicaAlreadyInProgress() {
+        testServerChangeWhenAlreadyInProgress("astronauts", new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", MEMBER_2),
+                RemoveServer.class, new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", MEMBER_3));
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testRemoveShardReplicaWhenAddShardReplicaAlreadyInProgress() throws Exception {
+    public void testRemoveShardReplicaWhenAddShardReplicaAlreadyInProgress() {
         testServerChangeWhenAlreadyInProgress("astronauts", new AddShardReplica("astronauts"),
-                AddServer.class, new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", "member-2"));
+                AddServer.class, new RemoveShardReplica("astronauts", MEMBER_2));
     }
 
 
     public void testServerChangeWhenAlreadyInProgress(final String shardName, final Object firstServerChange,
                                                       final Class<?> firstForwardedServerChangeClass,
-                                                      final Object secondServerChange) throws Exception {
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            JavaTestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
-            JavaTestKit secondRequestKit = new JavaTestKit(getSystem());
+                                                      final Object secondServerChange) {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final TestKit mockShardLeaderKit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final TestKit secondRequestKit = new TestKit(getSystem());
 
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                    new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                            put(shardName, Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+            .put(shardName, Arrays.asList("member-2")).build());
 
-            final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = TestActorRef.create(getSystem(),
-                    newTestShardMgrBuilder().configuration(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardActor).cluster(
-                            new MockClusterWrapper()).props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
-                    shardMgrID);
+        final TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = TestActorRef.create(getSystem(),
+            newTestShardMgrBuilder().configuration(mockConfig).shardActor(mockShardActor)
+            .cluster(new MockClusterWrapper()).props()
+            .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()),
+            shardMgrID);
 
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().setMessageInterceptor(newFindPrimaryInterceptor(mockShardLeaderKit.getRef()));
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().setMessageInterceptor(newFindPrimaryInterceptor(mockShardLeaderKit.getRef()));
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.tell(firstServerChange, getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(firstServerChange, kit.getRef());
 
-            mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(firstForwardedServerChangeClass);
+        mockShardLeaderKit.expectMsgClass(firstForwardedServerChangeClass);
 
-            shardManager.tell(secondServerChange, secondRequestKit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(secondServerChange, secondRequestKit.getRef());
 
-            secondRequestKit.expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), Failure.class);
-        }};
+        secondRequestKit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Failure.class);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testServerRemovedShardActorNotRunning() throws Exception {
+    public void testServerRemovedShardActorNotRunning() {
         LOG.info("testServerRemovedShardActorNotRunning starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                    new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                            put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                            put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).
-                            put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+            .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+            .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2"))
+            .put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
 
-            TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newShardMgrProps(mockConfig));
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+            newShardMgrProps(mockConfig).withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("people", false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("people", false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
 
-            shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("default", false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("default", false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
 
-            // Removed the default shard replica from member-1
-            ShardIdentifier.Builder builder = new ShardIdentifier.Builder();
-            ShardIdentifier shardId = builder.shardName("default").memberName("member-1").type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build();
-            shardManager.tell(new ServerRemoved(shardId.toString()), getRef());
+        // Removed the default shard replica from member-1
+        ShardIdentifier.Builder builder = new ShardIdentifier.Builder();
+        ShardIdentifier shardId = builder.shardName("default").memberName(MEMBER_1).type(shardMrgIDSuffix)
+                .build();
+        shardManager.tell(new ServerRemoved(shardId.toString()), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().verifySnapshotPersisted(Sets.newHashSet("people"));
-        }};
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().verifySnapshotPersisted(Sets.newHashSet("people"));
 
         LOG.info("testServerRemovedShardActorNotRunning ending");
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testServerRemovedShardActorRunning() throws Exception {
+    public void testServerRemovedShardActorRunning() {
         LOG.info("testServerRemovedShardActorRunning starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                    new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                            put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                            put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).
-                            put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+            .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+            .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2"))
+            .put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
 
-            String shardId = ShardIdentifier.builder().shardName("default").memberName("member-1").
-                    type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
-            TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> shard = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    MessageCollectorActor.props(), shardId);
+        String shardId = ShardIdentifier.create("default", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        ActorRef shard = actorFactory.createActor(MessageCollectorActor.props(), shardId);
 
-            TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).addShardActor("default", shard).props());
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory
+                .createTestActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig).addShardActor("default", shard).props()
+                    .withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
 
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard);
 
-            waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "people", this);
-            waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "default", this);
+        waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "people", kit);
+        waitForShardInitialized(shardManager, "default", kit);
 
-            // Removed the default shard replica from member-1
-            shardManager.tell(new ServerRemoved(shardId), getRef());
+        // Removed the default shard replica from member-1
+        shardManager.tell(new ServerRemoved(shardId), kit.getRef());
 
-            shardManager.underlyingActor().verifySnapshotPersisted(Sets.newHashSet("people"));
+        shardManager.underlyingActor().verifySnapshotPersisted(Sets.newHashSet("people"));
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard, Shutdown.class);
-        }};
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard, Shutdown.class);
 
         LOG.info("testServerRemovedShardActorRunning ending");
     }
 
-
     @Test
-    public void testShardPersistenceWithRestoredData() throws Exception {
+    public void testShardPersistenceWithRestoredData() {
         LOG.info("testShardPersistenceWithRestoredData starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                   put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).
-                   put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2")).
-                   put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
-            String[] restoredShards = {"default", "astronauts"};
-            ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot = new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList(restoredShards));
-            InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshot("shard-manager-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, snapshot);
-
-            //create shardManager to come up with restored data
-            TestActorRef<TestShardManager> newRestoredShardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    newShardMgrProps(mockConfig));
-
-            newRestoredShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
-
-            newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("people", false), getRef());
-            LocalShardNotFound notFound = expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), LocalShardNotFound.class);
-            assertEquals("for uninitialized shard", "people", notFound.getShardName());
-
-            //Verify a local shard is created for the restored shards,
-            //although we expect a NotInitializedException for the shards as the actor initialization
-            //message is not sent for them
-            newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("default", false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
-
-            newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("astronauts", false), getRef());
-            expectMsgClass(duration("5 seconds"), NotInitializedException.class);
-        }};
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig =
+                new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+                    .put("default", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2"))
+                    .put("astronauts", Arrays.asList("member-2"))
+                    .put("people", Arrays.asList("member-1", "member-2")).build());
+        String[] restoredShards = {"default", "astronauts"};
+        ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot =
+                new ShardManagerSnapshot(Arrays.asList(restoredShards), Collections.emptyMap());
+        InMemorySnapshotStore.addSnapshot("shard-manager-" + shardMrgIDSuffix, snapshot);
+
+        // create shardManager to come up with restored data
+        TestActorRef<TestShardManager> newRestoredShardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(
+            newShardMgrProps(mockConfig).withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
+
+        newRestoredShardManager.underlyingActor().waitForRecoveryComplete();
+
+        newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("people", false), kit.getRef());
+        LocalShardNotFound notFound = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), LocalShardNotFound.class);
+        assertEquals("for uninitialized shard", "people", notFound.getShardName());
+
+        // Verify a local shard is created for the restored shards,
+        // although we expect a NotInitializedException for the shards
+        // as the actor initialization
+        // message is not sent for them
+        newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("default", false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
+
+        newRestoredShardManager.tell(new FindLocalShard("astronauts", false), kit.getRef());
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), NotInitializedException.class);
 
         LOG.info("testShardPersistenceWithRestoredData ending");
     }
@@ -1931,54 +1953,157 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     @Test
     public void testShutDown() throws Exception {
         LOG.info("testShutDown starting");
-        new JavaTestKit(getSystem()) {{
-            MockConfiguration mockConfig =
-                    new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder().
-                            put("shard1", Arrays.asList("member-1")).
-                            put("shard2", Arrays.asList("member-1")).build());
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        MockConfiguration mockConfig = new MockConfiguration(ImmutableMap.<String, List<String>>builder()
+            .put("shard1", Arrays.asList("member-1")).put("shard2", Arrays.asList("member-1")).build());
 
-            String shardId1 = ShardIdentifier.builder().shardName("shard1").memberName("member-1").
-                    type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
-            TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> shard1 = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    MessageCollectorActor.props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardId1);
+        String shardId1 = ShardIdentifier.create("shard1", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        ActorRef shard1 = actorFactory.createActor(MessageCollectorActor.props(), shardId1);
 
-            String shardId2 = ShardIdentifier.builder().shardName("shard2").memberName("member-1").
-                    type(shardMrgIDSuffix).build().toString();
-            TestActorRef<MessageCollectorActor> shard2 = actorFactory.createTestActor(
-                    MessageCollectorActor.props().withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()), shardId2);
+        String shardId2 = ShardIdentifier.create("shard2", MEMBER_1, shardMrgIDSuffix).toString();
+        ActorRef shard2 = actorFactory.createActor(MessageCollectorActor.props(), shardId2);
 
-            TestActorRef<TestShardManager> shardManager = actorFactory.createTestActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(
-                    mockConfig).addShardActor("shard1", shard1).addShardActor("shard2", shard2).props().
-                        withDispatcher(Dispatchers.DefaultDispatcherId()));
+        ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newTestShardMgrBuilder(mockConfig)
+            .addShardActor("shard1", shard1).addShardActor("shard2", shard2).props());
 
-            shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TestModel.createTestContext()), getRef());
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard1);
-            shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard2);
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard1);
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), shard2);
 
-            FiniteDuration duration = FiniteDuration.create(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
-            Future<Boolean> stopFuture = Patterns.gracefulStop(shardManager, duration, Shutdown.INSTANCE);
+        FiniteDuration duration = FiniteDuration.create(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        Future<Boolean> stopFuture = Patterns.gracefulStop(shardManager, duration, Shutdown.INSTANCE);
 
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard1, Shutdown.class);
-            MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard2, Shutdown.class);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard1, Shutdown.class);
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(shard2, Shutdown.class);
 
-            try {
-                Await.ready(stopFuture, FiniteDuration.create(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
-                fail("ShardManager actor stopped without waiting for the Shards to be stopped");
-            } catch(TimeoutException e) {
-                // expected
-            }
+        try {
+            Await.ready(stopFuture, FiniteDuration.create(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            fail("ShardManager actor stopped without waiting for the Shards to be stopped");
+        } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
 
-            actorFactory.killActor(shard1, this);
-            actorFactory.killActor(shard2, this);
+        actorFactory.killActor(shard1, kit);
+        actorFactory.killActor(shard2, kit);
 
-            Boolean stopped = Await.result(stopFuture, duration);
-            assertEquals("Stopped", Boolean.TRUE, stopped);
-        }};
+        Boolean stopped = Await.result(stopFuture, duration);
+        assertEquals("Stopped", Boolean.TRUE, stopped);
 
         LOG.info("testShutDown ending");
     }
 
-    private static class TestShardManager extends ShardManager {
+    @Test
+    public void testChangeServersVotingStatus() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+
+        ActorRef respondActor = actorFactory
+                .createActor(Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, ChangeServersVotingStatus.class,
+                    new ServerChangeReply(ServerChangeStatus.OK, null)), memberId);
+
+        ActorRef shardManager = getSystem().actorOf(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(respondActor));
+
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), respondActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId, memberId, mock(DataTree.class),
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, RaftState.Candidate.name(), RaftState.Leader.name()),
+            respondActor);
+
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new ChangeShardMembersVotingStatus("default", ImmutableMap.of("member-2", Boolean.TRUE)), kit.getRef());
+
+        ChangeServersVotingStatus actualChangeStatusMsg = MessageCollectorActor
+                .expectFirstMatching(respondActor, ChangeServersVotingStatus.class);
+        assertEquals("ChangeServersVotingStatus map", actualChangeStatusMsg.getServerVotingStatusMap(),
+            ImmutableMap.of(ShardIdentifier
+                .create("default", MemberName.forName("member-2"), shardMrgIDSuffix).toString(),
+                Boolean.TRUE));
+
+        kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChangeServersVotingStatusWithNoLeader() {
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        String memberId = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+
+        ActorRef respondActor = actorFactory
+                .createActor(Props.create(MockRespondActor.class, ChangeServersVotingStatus.class,
+                    new ServerChangeReply(ServerChangeStatus.NO_LEADER, null)), memberId);
+
+        ActorRef shardManager = getSystem().actorOf(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor(respondActor));
+
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), respondActor);
+        shardManager.tell(new RoleChangeNotification(memberId, null, RaftState.Follower.name()), respondActor);
+
+        shardManager.tell(
+            new ChangeShardMembersVotingStatus("default", ImmutableMap.of("member-2", Boolean.TRUE)), kit.getRef());
+
+        MessageCollectorActor.expectFirstMatching(respondActor, ChangeServersVotingStatus.class);
+
+        Status.Failure resp = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Status.Failure.class);
+        assertTrue("Failure resposnse", resp.cause() instanceof NoShardLeaderException);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterForShardLeaderChanges() {
+        LOG.info("testRegisterForShardLeaderChanges starting");
+
+        final String memberId1 = "member-1-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        final String memberId2 = "member-2-shard-default-" + shardMrgIDSuffix;
+        final TestKit kit = new TestKit(getSystem());
+        final ActorRef shardManager = actorFactory.createActor(newPropsShardMgrWithMockShardActor());
+
+        shardManager.tell(new UpdateSchemaContext(TEST_SCHEMA_CONTEXT), kit.getRef());
+        shardManager.tell(new ActorInitialized(), mockShardActor);
+
+        final Consumer<String> mockCallback = mock(Consumer.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new RegisterForShardAvailabilityChanges(mockCallback), kit.getRef());
+
+        final Success reply = kit.expectMsgClass(Duration.ofSeconds(5), Success.class);
+        final Registration reg = (Registration) reply.status();
+
+        final DataTree mockDataTree = mock(DataTree.class);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId1, mockDataTree,
+            DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(5000)).accept("default");
+
+        reset(mockCallback);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId1, mockDataTree,
+                DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+
+        Uninterruptibles.sleepUninterruptibly(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCallback);
+
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, null, mockDataTree,
+                DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(5000)).accept("default");
+
+        reset(mockCallback);
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId2, mockDataTree,
+                DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+
+        verify(mockCallback, timeout(5000)).accept("default");
+
+        reset(mockCallback);
+        reg.close();
+
+        shardManager.tell(new ShardLeaderStateChanged(memberId1, memberId1, mockDataTree,
+                DataStoreVersions.CURRENT_VERSION), mockShardActor);
+
+        Uninterruptibles.sleepUninterruptibly(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCallback);
+
+        LOG.info("testRegisterForShardLeaderChanges ending");
+    }
+
+    public static class TestShardManager extends ShardManager {
         private final CountDownLatch recoveryComplete = new CountDownLatch(1);
         private final CountDownLatch snapshotPersist = new CountDownLatch(1);
         private ShardManagerSnapshot snapshot;
@@ -1991,157 +2116,150 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         private CountDownLatch memberReachableReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         private volatile MessageInterceptor messageInterceptor;
 
-        private TestShardManager(Builder builder) {
+        TestShardManager(final Builder builder) {
             super(builder);
             shardActor = builder.shardActor;
             shardActors = builder.shardActors;
         }
 
         @Override
-        protected void handleRecover(Object message) throws Exception {
+        protected void handleRecover(final Object message) throws Exception {
             try {
                 super.handleRecover(message);
             } finally {
-                if(message instanceof RecoveryCompleted) {
+                if (message instanceof RecoveryCompleted) {
                     recoveryComplete.countDown();
                 }
             }
         }
 
+        private void countDownIfOther(final Member member, final CountDownLatch latch) {
+            if (!getCluster().getCurrentMemberName().equals(memberToName(member))) {
+                latch.countDown();
+            }
+        }
+
         @Override
-        public void handleCommand(Object message) throws Exception {
-            try{
-                if(messageInterceptor != null && messageInterceptor.canIntercept(message)) {
+        public void handleCommand(final Object message) throws Exception {
+            try {
+                if (messageInterceptor != null && messageInterceptor.canIntercept(message)) {
                     getSender().tell(messageInterceptor.apply(message), getSelf());
                 } else {
                     super.handleCommand(message);
                 }
             } finally {
-                if(message instanceof FindPrimary) {
+                if (message instanceof FindPrimary) {
                     findPrimaryMessageReceived.countDown();
-                } else if(message instanceof ClusterEvent.MemberUp) {
-                    String role = ((ClusterEvent.MemberUp)message).member().roles().iterator().next();
-                    if(!getCluster().getCurrentMemberName().equals(role)) {
-                        memberUpReceived.countDown();
-                    }
-                } else if(message instanceof ClusterEvent.MemberRemoved) {
-                    String role = ((ClusterEvent.MemberRemoved)message).member().roles().iterator().next();
-                    if(!getCluster().getCurrentMemberName().equals(role)) {
-                        memberRemovedReceived.countDown();
-                    }
-                } else if(message instanceof ClusterEvent.UnreachableMember) {
-                    String role = ((ClusterEvent.UnreachableMember)message).member().roles().iterator().next();
-                    if(!getCluster().getCurrentMemberName().equals(role)) {
-                        memberUnreachableReceived.countDown();
-                    }
-                } else if(message instanceof ClusterEvent.ReachableMember) {
-                    String role = ((ClusterEvent.ReachableMember)message).member().roles().iterator().next();
-                    if(!getCluster().getCurrentMemberName().equals(role)) {
-                        memberReachableReceived.countDown();
-                    }
+                } else if (message instanceof ClusterEvent.MemberUp) {
+                    countDownIfOther(((ClusterEvent.MemberUp) message).member(), memberUpReceived);
+                } else if (message instanceof ClusterEvent.MemberRemoved) {
+                    countDownIfOther(((ClusterEvent.MemberRemoved) message).member(), memberRemovedReceived);
+                } else if (message instanceof ClusterEvent.UnreachableMember) {
+                    countDownIfOther(((ClusterEvent.UnreachableMember) message).member(), memberUnreachableReceived);
+                } else if (message instanceof ClusterEvent.ReachableMember) {
+                    countDownIfOther(((ClusterEvent.ReachableMember) message).member(), memberReachableReceived);
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        void setMessageInterceptor(MessageInterceptor messageInterceptor) {
+        void setMessageInterceptor(final MessageInterceptor messageInterceptor) {
             this.messageInterceptor = messageInterceptor;
         }
 
         void waitForRecoveryComplete() {
-            assertEquals("Recovery complete", true,
+            assertTrue("Recovery complete",
                     Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(recoveryComplete, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
         }
 
-        void waitForMemberUp() {
-            assertEquals("MemberUp received", true,
+        public void waitForMemberUp() {
+            assertTrue("MemberUp received",
                     Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(memberUpReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             memberUpReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         }
 
         void waitForMemberRemoved() {
-            assertEquals("MemberRemoved received", true,
+            assertTrue("MemberRemoved received",
                     Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(memberRemovedReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             memberRemovedReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         }
 
         void waitForUnreachableMember() {
-            assertEquals("UnreachableMember received", true,
-                Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(memberUnreachableReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS
-                ));
+            assertTrue("UnreachableMember received",
+                Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(memberUnreachableReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             memberUnreachableReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         }
 
         void waitForReachableMember() {
-            assertEquals("ReachableMember received", true,
+            assertTrue("ReachableMember received",
                 Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(memberReachableReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             memberReachableReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         }
 
         void verifyFindPrimary() {
-            assertEquals("FindPrimary received", true,
+            assertTrue("FindPrimary received",
                     Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(findPrimaryMessageReceived, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             findPrimaryMessageReceived = new CountDownLatch(1);
         }
 
-        public static Builder builder(DatastoreContext.Builder datastoreContextBuilder) {
+        public static Builder builder(final DatastoreContext.Builder datastoreContextBuilder) {
             return new Builder(datastoreContextBuilder);
         }
 
-        private static class Builder extends AbstractGenericBuilder<Builder, TestShardManager> {
+        public static class Builder extends AbstractGenericCreator<Builder, TestShardManager> {
             private ActorRef shardActor;
             private final Map<String, ActorRef> shardActors = new HashMap<>();
 
-            Builder(DatastoreContext.Builder datastoreContextBuilder) {
+            Builder(final DatastoreContext.Builder datastoreContextBuilder) {
                 super(TestShardManager.class);
                 datastoreContextFactory(newDatastoreContextFactory(datastoreContextBuilder.build()));
             }
 
-            Builder shardActor(ActorRef shardActor) {
-                this.shardActor = shardActor;
+            Builder shardActor(final ActorRef newShardActor) {
+                this.shardActor = newShardActor;
                 return this;
             }
 
-            Builder addShardActor(String shardName, ActorRef actorRef){
+            Builder addShardActor(final String shardName, final ActorRef actorRef) {
                 shardActors.put(shardName, actorRef);
                 return this;
             }
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void saveSnapshot(Object obj) {
+        public void saveSnapshot(final Object obj) {
             snapshot = (ShardManagerSnapshot) obj;
             snapshotPersist.countDown();
             super.saveSnapshot(obj);
         }
 
-        void verifySnapshotPersisted(Set<String> shardList) {
-            assertEquals("saveSnapshot invoked", true,
+        void verifySnapshotPersisted(final Set<String> shardList) {
+            assertTrue("saveSnapshot invoked",
                     Uninterruptibles.awaitUninterruptibly(snapshotPersist, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
             assertEquals("Shard Persisted", shardList, Sets.newHashSet(snapshot.getShardList()));
         }
 
         @Override
-        protected ActorRef newShardActor(SchemaContext schemaContext, ShardInformation info) {
-            if(shardActors.get(info.getShardName()) != null){
+        protected ActorRef newShardActor(final ShardInformation info) {
+            if (shardActors.get(info.getShardName()) != null) {
                 return shardActors.get(info.getShardName());
             }
 
-            if(shardActor != null) {
+            if (shardActor != null) {
                 return shardActor;
             }
 
-            return super.newShardActor(schemaContext, info);
+            return super.newShardActor(info);
         }
     }
 
-    private static abstract class AbstractGenericBuilder<T extends AbstractGenericBuilder<T, ?>, C extends ShardManager>
-                                                     extends ShardManager.AbstractBuilder<T> {
+    private abstract static class AbstractGenericCreator<T extends AbstractGenericCreator<T, ?>, C extends ShardManager>
+                                                     extends AbstractShardManagerCreator<T> {
         private final Class<C> shardManagerClass;
 
-        AbstractGenericBuilder(Class<C> shardManagerClass) {
+        AbstractGenericCreator(final Class<C> shardManagerClass) {
             this.shardManagerClass = shardManagerClass;
-            cluster(new MockClusterWrapper()).configuration(new MockConfiguration()).
-                    waitTillReadyCountdownLatch(ready).primaryShardInfoCache(new PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache());
+            cluster(new MockClusterWrapper()).configuration(new MockConfiguration()).readinessFuture(ready)
+                    .primaryShardInfoCache(new PrimaryShardInfoFutureCache());
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -2151,8 +2269,8 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         }
     }
 
-    private static class GenericBuilder<C extends ShardManager> extends AbstractGenericBuilder<GenericBuilder<C>, C> {
-        GenericBuilder(Class<C> shardManagerClass) {
+    private static class GenericCreator<C extends ShardManager> extends AbstractGenericCreator<GenericCreator<C>, C> {
+        GenericCreator(final Class<C> shardManagerClass) {
             super(shardManagerClass);
         }
     }
@@ -2161,7 +2279,7 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
         private final Creator<ShardManager> delegate;
 
-        public DelegatingShardManagerCreator(Creator<ShardManager> delegate) {
+        DelegatingShardManagerCreator(final Creator<ShardManager> delegate) {
             this.delegate = delegate;
         }
 
@@ -2176,14 +2294,14 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
     }
 
     private static MessageInterceptor newFindPrimaryInterceptor(final ActorRef primaryActor) {
-        return new MessageInterceptor(){
+        return new MessageInterceptor() {
             @Override
-            public Object apply(Object message) {
+            public Object apply(final Object message) {
                 return new RemotePrimaryShardFound(Serialization.serializedActorPath(primaryActor), (short) 1);
             }
 
             @Override
-            public boolean canIntercept(Object message) {
+            public boolean canIntercept(final Object message) {
                 return message instanceof FindPrimary;
             }
         };
@@ -2191,35 +2309,25 @@ public class ShardManagerTest extends AbstractActorTest {
 
     private static class MockRespondActor extends MessageCollectorActor {
         static final String CLEAR_RESPONSE = "clear-response";
-        static final org.slf4j.Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MockRespondActor.class);
 
-        private volatile Object responseMsg;
-
-        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-        public MockRespondActor() {
-        }
+        private Object responseMsg;
+        private final Class<?> requestClass;
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-        public MockRespondActor(Object responseMsg) {
+        MockRespondActor(final Class<?> requestClass, final Object responseMsg) {
+            this.requestClass = requestClass;
             this.responseMsg = responseMsg;
         }
 
-        public void updateResponse(Object response) {
-            responseMsg = response;
-        }
-
         @Override
-        public void onReceive(Object message) throws Exception {
-            if(!"get-all-messages".equals(message)) {
-                LOG.debug("Received message : {}", message);
-            }
-            super.onReceive(message);
-            if (message instanceof AddServer && responseMsg != null) {
-                getSender().tell(responseMsg, getSelf());
-            } else if(message instanceof RemoveServer && responseMsg != null){
-                getSender().tell(responseMsg, getSelf());
-            } else if(message.equals(CLEAR_RESPONSE)) {
+        public void onReceive(final Object message) throws Exception {
+            if (message.equals(CLEAR_RESPONSE)) {
                 responseMsg = null;
+            } else {
+                super.onReceive(message);
+                if (message.getClass().equals(requestClass) && responseMsg != null) {
+                    getSender().tell(responseMsg, getSelf());
+                }
             }
         }
     }